Atmospheric electrical conductivity variations over different environments   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

V. Sasi Kumar  S. Sampath  S. Murali Das  K. Vijaya Kumar 《Geophysical Journal International》1995,122(1):89-96

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Determining depleted uranium （DU） contamination in soils and salt marsh sediments in the vicinity of DU munitions testing sites in SW Scotland and NW England, UK     

Ian W. Oliver Angus B. MacKenzie Rob M. Ellam Margaret C. Graham John G. Farmer 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):96-96

In its natural state uranium has three isotopes; ^238U （99.27 atom % abundance）, ^235U （0.72%） and ^234U （0.0055%）, with the ^235U ： ^238U activity ratio having a constant value of 0.045 and the ^234U：^238U activity ratio commonly ranging 0.8-1.2 for soils and sediments （e.g. Fisenne 1996）. Uranium enrichment, the process by which the fissile isotope ^235U is concentrated for the production of nuclear fuel, generates a waste product that is depleted in both ^235U and ^234U. Depleted uranium （DU） therefore has a distinct isotopic signature that can be used to monitor contamination arising from the use of munitions containing it （i.e., DU weapons and armour）. The UK Ministry of Defense has tested such munitions at coastal locations in SW Scotland and NW England, resulting in possible contamination of the surrounding terrestrial and marine environments. We examined the U isotope distribution in surface soil （top 10 cm） and salt marsh sediment samples from these locations using alpha spectrometry to determine the extent of any DU contamination from the munitions testing programme. Despite 〉30 t of DU shells having been fired into the sea in this region there was no evidence of deviation from the natural ^234U ： ^238U activity ratio range in salt marsh samples. The ^235U ： ^238U activity ratio could not be used to assess these salt marsh samples because ^235U activities were at the limit of detection for alpha spectrometry.  相似文献   

土壤中核素的物探化探分析与监测     

陈敏  张成江  倪师军  李爽  王德伟 《物探化探计算技术》2006,28(2):149-152

通过对土壤放射性调查可以掌握土壤中放射性元素的分布,也可以为环境放射性影响评价提供依据。这些工作对于城市而言,可以保障人们的生活和环境安全。而对于核设施则帮助制定退役、去污策略,以防止放射性污染物向环境迁移,危害环境安全。综述土壤放射性污染水平监测方法,其中取样方法涉及了取样工具要求、分层采样的方法。污染物分析监测方法则具体阐述了用中子活化分析方法研究土壤中的微量元素含量、如何监测土壤特性的方法。  相似文献   

引绰济辽工程文得根引水隧洞放射性调查评价     

王文华  刘菁华  杨嘉明  王红菲  欧伟明 《世界地质》2018,37(2):646-654

对长约70 km引水工程洞线上进行的地面伽马能谱测量、陆地伽马剂量率测量、土壤氡浓度测量、岩石表面氡析出率测量以及钻孔岩芯样品的放射性元素U、Ra、Th、K含量分析的综合放射性地质调查,并对获得的测量数据进行分析研究。结果表明,测区引水沿线地质体放射性核素当量含量平均值为：U 1.56×10-6,Th 14.12×10-6,K 2.16×10-2;钻孔岩芯放射性元素分析含量平均值为：U 32.34 Bq/kg,Ra 35.68 Bq/kg,Th 35.29 Bq/kg,K 865.65 Bq/kg。陆地伽马剂量率为90.42 nGy/h;土壤氡浓度平均值为4 272.1 Bq/m3;岩石表面析出率平均值为4.01×10-2 Bq/m2·s。根据测量结果,利用内照射和外照射辐射剂量计算了对施工人员造成的辐照剂量为0.759 mSv,低于国家对公众的剂量限值1 mSv/a,表明引水工程输水隧洞的施工在安全辐射范围内。  相似文献   

华东地区含煤岩系天然放射性水平与生态健康风险评价          下载免费PDF全文

许乃政  匡福祥  叶隽  张麟熹  魏信祥  曾文乐  钟启龙 《中国地质》2021,48(6):1790-1803

本次研究基于地表γ辐射剂量率、氡放射性测量及²³⁸U、²³²Th、²²⁶Ra、⁴⁰K放射性核素测试,识别华东地区含煤岩系的放射性异常地层,评价区域典型煤矿区空气、固体、水体、植物介质的天然放射性水平。结果显示：赋存于石炭系、二叠系的普通煤田与赋存于寒武系的石煤矿区呈现显著差异的天然放射性水平。普通煤田矿区地表γ辐射剂量率、氡放射性测量值总体上处于本底水平范围,矿区固体介质、水体、植物样品核素含量处于正常水平,不存在放射性污染。华东地区石煤分布带,属于放射性γ辐射高背景区,石煤矿区的原煤、煤矸石、土壤、岩石等固体介质的²³⁸U、²²⁶Ra核素富集明显,并显示更为显著的空间变异性。区域石煤条带监测矿区居民源于γ外照射引起的吸收剂量均超过国际标准限值1 mSv/a,总有效剂量均超过了2 mSv/a,地下水总α、总β浓度为限值的10~30倍,放射性污染不容忽视。华东地区石煤矿区公众所受辐射剂量较高,矿区的地下水、建材、植物等介质已经出现零星的放射性污染,应加强石煤矿区放射性环境监测,及时采取适当的控制措施。  相似文献   

Al–Mg and Pb–Pb systematics of Allende CAIs: Canonical solar initial Al/Al ratio reinstated     

Benjamin Jacobsen  Qing-zhu Yin  Frederic Moynier  Yuri Amelin  Alexander N. Krot  Kazuhide Nagashima  Ian D. Hutcheon  Herbert Palme 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2008,272(1-2):353-364

The precise knowledge of the initial ²⁶Al/²⁷Al ratio [(²⁶Al/²⁷Al)₀] is crucial if we are to use the very first solid objects formed in our Solar System, calcium–aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) as the “time zero” age-anchor and guide future work with other short-lived radio-chronometers in the early Solar System, as well as determining the inventory of heat budgets from radioactivities for early planetary differentiation. New high-precision multi-collector inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) measurements of ²⁷Al/²⁴Mg ratios and Mg-isotopic compositions of nine whole-rock CAIs (six mineralogically characterized fragments and three micro-drilled inclusions) from the CV carbonaceous chondrite, Allende yield a well-defined ²⁶Al–²⁶Mg fossil isochron with an (²⁶Al/²⁷Al)₀ of (5.23 ± 0.13) × 10^− 5. Internal mineral isochrons obtained for three of these CAIs (A44A, AJEF, and A43) are consistent with the whole-rock CAI isochron. The mineral isochron of AJEF with (²⁶Al/²⁷Al)₀ = (4.96 ± 0.25) × 10^− 5, anchored to our precisely determined absolute ²⁰⁷Pb–²⁰⁶Pb age of 4567.60 ± 0.36 Ma for the same mineral separates, reinstate the “canonical” (²⁶Al/²⁷Al)₀ of 5 × 10^− 5 for the early Solar System. The uncertainty in (²⁶Al/²⁷Al)₀ corresponds to a maximum time span of ± 20 Ka (thousand years), suggesting that the Allende CAI formation events were culminated within this time span. Although all Allende CAIs studied experienced multistage formation history, including melting and evaporation in the solar nebula and post-crystallization alteration likely on the asteroidal parent body, the ²⁶Al–²⁶Mg and U–Pb-isotopic systematics of the mineral separates and bulk CAIs behaved largely as closed-system since their formation. Our data do not support the “supra-canonical” ²⁶Al/²⁷Al ratio of individual minerals or their mixtures in CV CAIs, suggesting that the supra-canonical ²⁶Al/²⁷Al ratio in the CV CAIs may have resulted from post-crystallization inter-mineral redistribution of Mg isotopes within an individual inclusion. This redistribution must be volumetrically minor in order to satisfy the mass balance of the precisely defined bulk CAI and bulk mineral data obtained by MC-ICP-MS.The radiogenic ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ratio obtained as a by-product from the Pb–Pb age dating is used to estimate time-integrated ²³²Th/²³⁸U ratio (κ value) of CAIs. Limited κ variations among the minerals within a single CAI, contrasted by much larger variations among the bulk CAIs, suggest Th/U fractionation occurred prior to crystallization of igneous CAIs. If interpreted as primordial heterogeneity, the κ value can be used to calculate the mean age of the interstellar dust from which the CAIs condensed.  相似文献   

Gamma ray spectrometric analysis of hydrothermally altered dacite samples from the PACMANUS hydrothermal field: Implications for the interpretation of gamma ray wireline measurements     

A. Bartetzko 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2008

Spectral gamma ray wireline logging derives the concentrations of potassium, thorium, and uranium of the formation by measuring the gamma ray spectrum under the assumption of secular equilibrium. These measurements were carried out in a number of boreholes drilled by Ocean Drilling Program Leg 193 at the PACMANUS hydrothermal field. Spectral gamma ray logs from several of these holes show intervals of increased radioactivity, associated with high uranium values of up to 60 ppm (Snowcap hydrothermal field) and 25 ppm (Roman Ruins hydrothermal field). Nine samples of hydrothermally altered dacite were analyzed using gamma spectrometry to examine the origin of elevated radioactivity and to test for distortion of secular equilibrium. Core spectrometry indicates that secular equilibrium is distorted. Distortion can be explained by either an uptake of nuclides of the lower part of the ²³⁸U decay series, or by removal of ²³⁸U or ²³⁴Th from the rocks. In all cases wireline uranium logs and core spectrometry do not reflect true uranium concentrations of the formation but uranium is overestimated by a factor of 3–4. At Roman Ruins, uranium values from wireline logging show higher uranium concentrations over large intervals than uranium values from core spectrometry and from published core geochemistry, even when a possible leaching of uranium is taken into account. Wireline logs indicate that depth intervals of increased radioactivity are related to the occurrence of stockwork mineralization. In these depth intervals, core recovery was extremely low. In addition to the distortion of secular equilibrium, low core recovery and preferential loss of softer and more altered material cause a sampling bias between core samples and wireline data and may explain the observed difference in uranium concentrations between core and wireline logs.  相似文献   

浙江近岸海域沉积物沉积速率及地球化学   总被引：15，自引：1，他引：15  

张志忠  李双林  董岩翔  汪庆华  肖菲  鲁静 《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2005,25(3):15-24

对取自浙江近岸浅海海域的5个沉积岩心进行了^210Pb放射性活度、粒度和元素地球化学含量测试,探讨了沉积速率的横向变化、化学元素的垂向分布与变化特征。结果表明,浙江近岸浅海沉积速率为1.19～0.91cm／a,存在自北向南逐渐减小的规律,并受当地入海河流的影响;元素的含量在垂向上由深到浅呈现轻微的上升趋势,呈高－低－高低或低－高低－高波动式循环变化;As、Cd、Hg、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn等7个重点评价元素中,环境背景值普遍较高,Cr、Cu的背景值在海洋沉积物质量国家一类标准的最高限值附近。  相似文献   

海洋中90Sr:日本周边海域与南海的对比     

林武辉  何建华  余克服  杜金秋  邓芳芳  梁林  李俊怡  何贤文  陈宝才  冯亮亮 《海洋学报》2020,42(10):47-58

90Sr长期被视为最重要的人工放射性核素之一,日本福岛核事故导致包括90Sr在内的大量放射性物质泄漏进入海洋,厂区储水罐中冷却废水至今仍然存在大量90Sr。海洋中90Sr分析方法却繁琐耗时,导致核事故后的90Sr研究较为匮乏,且缺乏系统的认识。本研究在2015?2018年期间测量南海海水和多种海洋生物(马尾藻、海虾、牡蛎、红树林植物、造礁珊瑚)中90Sr的基础上,深入分析核事故后日本周边海域和南海90Sr的比活度水平与环境半衰期。结合文献资料,本研究发现1975?2010年期间日本近岸海水90Sr的环境半衰期为15.4 a,2011年的核事故后日本周边海洋中90Sr比活度显著升高,基于ERICA软件定量计算核事故后90Sr对海洋鱼类的剂量率比核事故前的结果高5个数量级。南海作为福岛核事故后北太平洋环流的下游海域,本文进一步构建1984?2018年期间南海90Sr比活度的历史曲线,发现核事故前后南海90Sr比活度水平没有可识别的变化,进一步定量计算南海90Sr的环境半衰期为26.7 a,发现边缘海和大洋中90Sr和137Cs环境半衰期格局差异与核素(90Sr和137Cs)的源汇过程(河流输入和海洋生物泵)密切相关。鉴于海洋中90Sr分析方法的挑战性,本文发现在10多种海洋生物中造礁珊瑚骨骼几乎拥有最高的90Sr浓集因子(约1 000 L/kg),同时具有较易大量获取、固定附着生长、连续高分辨率记录、前处理简单快速等优点,很可能是海洋中90Sr可靠的指示生物。造礁珊瑚中90Sr研究将有利于揭示人工放射性核素的源汇过程,同时为我国海洋放射性监测方案和相关标准导则的优化和完善提供有益的参考。  相似文献   

一个大气层核试验放射性碎片长距离输送的三维欧拉模型   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

郑毅  王自发  黄美元 《气候与环境研究》2000,5(2):118-128

提出了一个三维大气层核试验放射性碎片长距离输送和沉降的Euler模型,用一个烟团模式对源项进行了初始化,以适应1°×1°的网格;模型考虑了干、湿沉降、垂直扩散以及放射性衰变;利用中国某次大气层核试验空中烟云及地面放射性沉降数据对模式进行了检验,初步得出了核烟云在对流层及平流层的输送及扩散规律。  相似文献