Indian Ocean tsunamis: environmental and socio-economic impacts in Langkawi, Malaysia     

MICHAEL BIRD  SUSAN COWIE  REA HAWKES†  BEN HORTON†  COLIN MACGREGOR  JIN EONG ONG‡  AILEEN TAN SHAU HWAI§  TEH TIONG SA¶  ZULFIGAR YASIN§ 《The Geographical journal》2007,173(2):103-117

We report the results of a study of the physical characteristics and socio-economic impacts of the Indian Ocean Tsunami of 26 December 2004 on the tourist island of Langkawi, Malaysia. In comparison with many other locations struck by the tsunami, the immediate physical and socio-economic impacts in Langkawi were relatively minor. A detailed survey of the watermark and ground elevations was undertaken in the worst affected area between Sungei Kuala Teriang and Sungei Kuala Melaka. Here, the tsunami reached a maximum elevation of 4.29 m as it crossed the coast, with a maximum flow depth of 2.0 m and a very consistent run-up elevation relative to mean sea level of 300 ± 10 cm. The tsunami inundated inshore areas for 300 m and penetrated inland along creeks for 500–1000 m. Structural damage to buildings was confined to within 50–150 m of the shoreline where about 10% of the houses were completely destroyed and 60–70% suffered significant structural damage. Damage was particularly severe in areas where there was no engineered coastal protection, but while coastal revetments did provide enhanced protection for houses at the waterfront, the coastline in the study area appeared to be more heavily impacted than elsewhere in Langkawi because wave energy was focused on the area by offshore breakwaters built to protect the Langkawi port and airport. Emergency response after the tsunami was rapid and efficient but would have been improved if the local police station had not been rendered inoperative by the first wave, and if a mechanism had been in place to ensure that informal advance warnings transmitted between Phuket (Thailand), Langkawi and Penang (Malaysia) by tourist operators could have been more widely disseminated.  相似文献   

我国春玉米水分供需状况分析   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4  

李应林  高素华 《气象》2002,28(2):29-33

论述了作物需水量的概念及其计算方法，利用最新的气候和作物资料，计算了我国春玉米的作物需水量，分析其时空分布特征，并利用水发订正系来评价春玉米需水量的满足程度。计算分析结果表明，气候条件对我国在玉米生产是有利的，但在播种期、出苗期及拔节期（4－6月份），存在明显的水亏缺现象，这一时期应采取相应的栽培技术及节水灌溉、人工增雨等措施来缓解旱情。  相似文献   

Deriving rules from activity diary data: A learning algorithm and results of computer experiments   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Theo A. Arentze  Frank Hofman  Harry J.P. Timmermans 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2001,3(4):325-346

 Activity-based models consider travel as a derived demand from the activities households need to conduct in space and time. Over the last 15 years, computational or rule-based models of activity scheduling have gained increasing interest in time-geography and transportation research. This paper argues that a lack of techniques for deriving rules from empirical data hinders the further development of rule-based systems in this area. To overcome this problem, this paper develops and tests an algorithm for inductively deriving rules from activity-diary data. The decision table formalism is used to exhaustively represent the theoretically possible decision rules that individuals may use in sequencing a given set of activities. Actual activity patterns of individuals are supplied to the system as examples. In an incremental learning process, the system progressively improves on the selection of rules used for reproducing the examples. Computer experiments based on simulated data are performed to fine-tune rule selection and rule value update functions. The results suggest that the system is effective and fairly robust for parameter settings. It is concluded, therefore, that the proposed approach opens up possibilities to derive empirically tested rule-based models of activity scheduling. Follow-up research will be concerned with testing the system on empirical data. Received: 31 January 2001 / Accepted: 13 September 2001  相似文献   

太原市大气扩散数值模拟     

武永利 《山西气象》2001,(2):29-31

本文采用数值方法求解平流扩散方程，对太原市的一次示踪物实验进行了大气扩散的数值模拟。模拟结果表明：采用数值方法准确地反映出了由于风的切变而导致的污染物烟羽的转向，能较好地模拟复杂地形下太原市污染物的输送扩散过程。  相似文献   

COUNTING FARMERS MARKETS     

ALLISON BROWN 《Geographical review》2001,91(4):655-674

  相似文献   

水环境污染的修复技术   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

朱宛华 《地学前缘》2001,8(1):143-150

由于人口增加 ,经济建设发展 ,人民生活水平提高 ,需水量也日益增长。中国水资源紧缺 ,而水污染又加重了水资源危机。水资源及水污染的修复技术的探讨有利于改善人类的生存环境。文中叙述了中国水资源紧缺、地下水超采引起的环境地质灾害 ,提倡节约用水 ,降低万元产值耗水量 ,提高单位水资源的投入产出率 ,开发节水型农业体系。建议以流域为单位 ,实行统一管理调配 ,利用地下水开采所腾出库容 ,拦蓄洪水及将处理后的污水回灌地下 ,以减少灾害 ,增加水资源量。文中还综述了地面水污染、水质富营养化、海水古咸水入侵 ,酸雨影响地下水水质及垃圾堆放场下淋滤液对地下水的污染 ;探讨了用絮凝沉淀、好氧厌氧生物处理工艺、脱氮除磷工艺、膜分离技术及高浓度有机有毒废水等在水污染治理方面的修复技术 ;探讨了对地下水中病原微生物、重金属离子、溶解有机物、硬度、三氮的截、坝、投、抽、排等的修重技术。  相似文献   

祁连山北坡流域冰川物质平衡波动及其对河西水资源的影响   总被引：16，自引：27，他引：16  

沈永平  刘时银  甄丽丽  王根绪  刘光 《冰川冻土》2001,23(3):244-250

祁连山北坡各流域发育有现代冰川 2 166条 ,总面积 13 0 8km2 ,冰储量 60km3,冰川融水补给河流约 8× 10 8m3·a-1,占河西地表总径流量的 11% .近 4 0a来 ,东段石羊河流域冰川物质平衡 (Bn)呈较大负平衡 ,Bn在 - 80～ - 12 0mm间 ;西段的讨勒河、疏勒河和党河流域冰川具正物质平衡 ,Bn在+ 5 0～ + 90mm ;黑河流域的冰川处于过渡区 ,其冰川物质平衡多年平均在 - 4 0～ + 4 0mm间 .冰川物质平衡的变化直接影响着河流径流的变化 ,洪水坝河、党河和昌马河的冰川融水补给率达 3 0～ 4 0 %以上 ,东大河、大渚马河、马营河和讨勒河的补给率在 12 %～ 14 %之间 ,而西营河和梨园河仅有 7%左右 .冰川物质平衡逐年变化显示 ,2 0世纪 5 0～ 70年代冰川以负物质平衡为主 ,80年代开始向正的平衡开始转化 ,90年代以正平衡为主 ,主要是冬季气温上升引起的降雪量增加的结果 .在全球气温变暖情景下 ,东段冰川物质平衡将呈增加的趋势 ,西段冰川物质平衡将呈下降的趋势 ,将使西段以冰川融水补给的河流径流增加 ,而东段石羊河流域径流下降明显 .  相似文献   

旅游供给与需求的空间关系研究   总被引：80，自引：4，他引：80  

牛亚菲 《地理学报》1996,51(1):80-87

本文研究旅游供给与旅游需求的地域分布规律和空间联系特征，提出了旅游供给与需求的空间模式以及二者之间的动态平衡关系。并根据我国旅游供需分布特点，以大城市为中心，分析了不同地域旅游供需关系。  相似文献   

中国综合防震减灾工作综述     

王国治 《国际地震动态》1993,(5):1-6

  相似文献   

既找矿又开矿搞活地勘单位：赴疆考察的认识和体会     

张攀华 《湖南地质》1993,12(2):70-74,79

“六五”和“七五”期间,新疆地矿局强化了地质找矿的科学管理,充分发挥了地质科技在找矿中的先导作用,争取到了一个好的外部环境,取得了地质找矿的重大突破。他们既找矿又开矿,以找矿促开发,走找矿与开矿结合的道路,实行探、采、工、贸一体化,创造了搞活地勘单位,振兴地方经济的成功经验。  相似文献