基于ICESat/GLAS数据的中国典型区域SRTM与ASTER GDEM高程精度评价     

杜小平  郭华东  范湘涛  朱俊杰  严珍珍  詹勤 《地球科学》2013,38(4):887-897

航天飞机雷达地形测绘(shuttle radar topography mission, SRTM)和先进星载热发射和反射辐射成像仪全球数字高程模型(advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer global digital elevation model, ASTER GDEM)提供了全球覆盖面积最广的数字高程模型(digital elevation model, DEM)数据, 但其高程精度还未得到充分验证, 传统地面测量方法很难适用于验证大面积范围的DEM精度.以冰、云和陆地高程卫星/地学激光测高系统(ICESat/GLAS)高程数据为参考, 综合利用地理信息系统(geographic information system, GIS)空间分析、三维可视化与统计分析方法, 对中国典型低海拔沿海平原地区和高海拔山地的两种DEM数据高程精度进行了对比分析.结果表明, 高程值小于20m的低海拔地区, SRTM高程精度达到2.39m, ASTER GDEM的精度达到4.83m, 均远远高于这两种数据的标称精度; 而在西南山地, 这两种DEM的精度大约为20m, 与标称精度相当.最后, 建立了ICESat/GLAS与SRTM和ASTER GDEM的一元线性回归模型, 该模型具有较高的拟合度和显著线性关系, 可用于改善这两种DEM的高程精度.   相似文献   

厦门城市空间拓展的生态敏感性评价   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

陈鹏  庄孔造  蔡鹭春 《地球信息科学学报》2013,15(3):389-394

在综合分析海湾型城市自然生态与社会生态属性的基础上,选取了高程、坡度、河流水库、植被覆盖、土地覆盖和生态保护区等6个因子,作为生态敏感性评价的指标。另外,借助GIS空间分析单因子评价与多因子加权综合评价方法,研究了生态敏感性程度及其空间分布特征,将厦门的生态敏感性划分为4级:不敏感、较敏感、中敏感和高敏感。综合评价结果表明,厦门市生态敏感性在空间分布上差异显著:高度敏感区占研究区总面积的28.1%,低敏感区和不敏感区分别占研究区总面积的27.9%和33.6%。中度敏感区占的比例较小,仅为10.4%。  相似文献   

东营市湿地资源分布及地质环境脆弱性评价     

姚英强  杨全城  李宁 《山东国土资源》2013,29(6):37-41

通过遥感解译、水土样测试、环境地质调查,从地表水、坑塘水、平原水库、浅层地下水、土壤环境的质量评价入手,查明了东营市湿地的分布现状,分析湿地演变与地质环境条件之间的相关性,构建东营湿地地质环境脆弱性评价体系并进行了脆弱性评价,为促进湿地生态系统与区域地质环境协调发展提供科学依据。  相似文献   

数值模拟在沂水铁矿区地下水环境影响评价中的应用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

周晓雪  付佳妮  刘建霞  孙建明 《山东国土资源》2013,29(9)

地下水数值模拟在矿区地下水环境评价中应用较少,通过对山东沂水铁矿矿区进行水文地质详细勘察,建立了尾矿库及矿区地下水水流及水质数学模型,预测和评价了该矿建设实施过程中对地下水环境可能造成的直接影响和间接危害。结论为矿山建设阶段和运行阶段正常情况下,尾矿区水位水质变化对地下水环境没有明显的影响,非正常情况或者事故状态下,预测污染因子在泄漏点附近一定范围出现超标现象;采矿区矿井排水对当地浅层地下水位影响较大。针对这种影响和危害提出防治措施,为沂水铁矿建设项目选址决策、工程设计和环境管理提供科学依据。  相似文献   

中国新能源发电生命周期温室气体减排潜力比较和分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘胜强  毛显强  邢有凯 《气候变化研究进展》2012,8(1):48-53

从生命周期的角度分析,各类新能源发电技术的开发、建设、运行过程,也会带来一定的温室气体排放,这引发了人们对于新能源发电技术“低碳”属性的担忧。遵循生命周期评价方法,在对国内外大量资料文献进行收集整理的基础上,对中国传统火电和主要新能源发电技术的温室气体排放系数进行了对比分析;并根据国家发展规划目标,对新能源发电替代火电的温室气体减排潜力进行了估算。分析结果表明,即使考虑生命周期内的排放,新能源发电技术的温室气体排放系数仍远远低于火电,新能源发电技术替代火电的温室气体减排潜力巨大。  相似文献   

Comparing long term sediment records to current biological quality element data - Implications for bioassessment and management of a eutrophic lake     

Tommi Kauppila  Antti Kanninen  Matias ViitasaloJohanna Räsänen  Kristian MeissnerJukka Mattila 《Limnologica》2012,42(1):19-30

Defining reference conditions for lakes situated in areas of human settlement and agriculture is rarely straightforward, and is especially difficult within easily eroding and nutrient rich watersheds. We used diatoms, cyanobaterial akinetes, remains of green algae and chironomid head capsules from sediment samples of Lake Kirmanjärvi, Finland, to assess its deviation from the initial ecological status. These site-specific records of change were compared to current type-specific ecological status assessment. All paleolimnological data indicated deviation from natural conditions and mirrored the current, monitoring-based assessment of “moderate” ecological lake status. However, the sediment data showed that the lake should be re-typified as a naturally eutrophic lake. Sediment records as well as current monitoring data indicated temporary improvement in water quality in response to extensive fish manipulation. Our results suggest that paleolimnological records can be used to derive site-specific reference conditions and that extensive restoration efforts can result in gradual, observable improvements of water quality and ecological status.  相似文献   

Seismic demand models for probabilistic risk analysis of near fault vertical ground motion effects on ordinary highway bridges     

Zeynep Gulerce  Emrah Erduran  Sashi K. Kunnath  Norman A. Abrahamson 《地震工程与结构动力学》2012,41(2):159-175

The influence of vertical ground motions on the seismic response of highway bridges is not very well understood. Recent studies suggest that vertical ground motions can substantially increase force and moment demands on bridge columns and girders and cannot be overlooked in seismic design of bridge structures. For an evaluation of vertical ground motion effects on the response of single‐bent two‐span highway bridges, a systematic study combining the critical engineering demand parameters (EDPs) and ground motion intensity measures (IMs) is required. Results of a parametric study examining a range of highway bridge configurations subjected to selected sets of horizontal and vertical ground motions are used to determine the structural parameters that are significantly amplified by the vertical excitations. The amplification in these parameters is modeled using simple equations that are functions of horizontal and vertical spectral accelerations at the corresponding horizontal and vertical fundamental periods of the bridge. This paper describes the derivation of seismic demand models developed for typical highway overcrossings by incorporating critical EDPs and combined effects of horizontal and vertical ground motion IMs depending on the type of the parameter and the period of the structure. These models may be used individually as risk‐based design tools to determine the probability of exceeding the critical levels of EDP for pre‐determined levels of ground shaking or may be included explicitly in probabilistic seismic risk assessments. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A procedure on ground motion selection and scaling for nonlinear response of simple structural systems     

Bekir Özer Ay  Sinan Akkar 《地震工程与结构动力学》2012,41(12):1693-1707

This study presents a ground-motion selection and scaling methodology that preserves the basic seismological features of the scaled records with reduced scatter in the nonlinear structural response. The methodology modifies each strong-motion recording with known fundamental seismological parameters using the estimations of ground-motion prediction equations for a given target hazard level. It provides robust estimations on target building response through scaled ground motions and calculates the dispersion about this target. This alternative procedure is not only useful for record scaling and selection but, upon its further refinement, can also be advantageous for the probabilistic methods that assess the engineering demand parameters for a given target hazard level. Case studies that compare the performance of the proposed procedure with some other record selection and scaling methods suggest its usefulness for building performance assessment and loss models. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

How natural are Alpine mountain rivers? Evidence from the Italian Alps     

Francesco Comiti 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2012,37(7):693-707

Historical, human‐induced channel adjustments in lowland gravel‐bed rivers have been documented in several geographical contexts worldwide. In particular, it is now widely accepted that the vast majority of European rivers are far from any natural, reference state prior to anthropic disturbances, and a ‘complete’ restoration is hardly achievable. However, few investigations have addressed changes that have occurred in mountain rivers of the Alps, and these channels are commonly reckoned quite ‘natural’ by society. This paper intends to describe how human pressure on Italian Alpine basins has been quite relevant for several centuries – in terms of land‐use variations, in‐channel structures, timber transport (splash damming) and riparian vegetation management – such that nowadays ‘reference conditions’ cannot be found even in small mountain creeks. In addition, recent natural climatic variations (e.g. the Little Ice Age) are superimposed on human disturbances, thus defying the definition of any ‘equilibrium’ morphological conditions even under ‘human‐free’ states. A summary of published as well as unpublished works on historical channel adjustments in rivers of the Italian Alps is presented in order to document the impacts deriving from human pressure at different basin scales and for different river morphologies, from steep confined streams to large unconfined rivers. General options for river management and restoration actions aiming to combine geomorphological functionality and flood hazard mitigation are discussed, in the light of the current European legislative context. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Evaluation of remotely‐sensed DEMs and modification based on plausibility rules and initial sediment budgets of an artificially‐created catchment     

Anna Schneider  Horst H. Gerke  Thomas Maurer  Stefan Seifert  Rossen Nenov  Reinhard F. Hüttl 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2012,37(7):708-725

To quantify landscape change resulting from processes of erosion and deposition and to establish spatially distributed sediment budgets, ‘models of change’ can be established from a time series of digital elevation models (DEMs). However, resolution effects and measurement errors in DEMs may propagate to these models. This study aimed to evaluate and to modify remotely‐sensed DEMs for an improved quantification of initial sediment mass changes in an artificially‐created catchment. DEMs were constructed from photogrammetry‐based, airborne (ALS) and ground‐based laser scanning (TLS) data. Regions of differing morphological characteristics and vegetation cover were delineated. Three‐dimensional (3D) models of volume change were established and mass change was derived from these models. DEMs were modified region‐by‐region for rill, interrill and alluvial areas, based on logical and hydro‐geomorphological principles. Additional DEMs were constructed by combining multi‐source, modified data. Models were evaluated by comparison with d‐GPS reference data and by considering sediment budget plausibility. Comprehensive evaluation showed that DEM usability depends on a relation between the technique used to obtain elevation data, surface morphology and vegetation cover characteristics. Photogrammetry‐based DEMs were suited to quantification of change in interrill areas but strongly underestimated surface lowering in erosion rills. TLS DEMs were best suited to rill areas, while ALS DEMs performed best in vegetation‐covered alluvial areas. Agreement with reference data and budget plausibility were improved by modifications to photogrammetry‐ and TLS‐based DEMs. Results suggest that artefacts in DEMs can be reduced and hydro‐geomorphic surface structures can be better represented by applying region‐specific modifications. Photogrammetry‐based DEMs can be improved by combining higher and lower resolution data in defined structural units and applying modifications based on principles given by characteristic hydro‐geomorphic evolution. Results of the critical comparative evaluation of remotely‐sensed elevation data can help to better interpret DEM‐based quantifications of earth‐surface processes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献