On　the　colocation　iterative　solution　model　and　algorithm　for　gravity　anomaly   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

杨元喜  刘长建 《地震学报(英文版)》1996,9(4):611-616

ＯｎｔｈｅｃｏｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎｉｔｅｒａｔｉｖｅｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｍｏｄｅｌａｎｄａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍｆｏｒｇｒａｖｉｔｙａｎｏｍａｌｙＹＵＡＮ－ＸＩＹＡＮＧ（杨元喜）ａｎｄＣＨＡＮＧ－ＪＩＡＮＬＩＵ（刘长建）ＺｈｅｎｇｚｈｏｕＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＳ...  相似文献   

Tidal flow forecasting using reduced rank square root filters   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

M. Verlaan  A. W. Heemink 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》1997,11(5):349-368

The Kalman filter algorithm can be used for many data assimilation problems. For large systems, that arise from discretizing partial differential equations, the standard algorithm has huge computational and storage requirements. This makes direct use infeasible for many applications. In addition numerical difficulties may arise if due to finite precision computations or approximations of the error covariance the requirement that the error covariance should be positive semi-definite is violated. In this paper an approximation to the Kalman filter algorithm is suggested that solves these problems for many applications. The algorithm is based on a reduced rank approximation of the error covariance using a square root factorization. The use of the factorization ensures that the error covariance matrix remains positive semi-definite at all times, while the smaller rank reduces the number of computations and storage requirements. The number of computations and storage required depend on the problem at hand, but will typically be orders of magnitude smaller than for the full Kalman filter without significant loss of accuracy. The algorithm is applied to a model based on a linearized version of the two-dimensional shallow water equations for the prediction of tides and storm surges. For non-linear models the reduced rank square root algorithm can be extended in a similar way as the extended Kalman filter approach. Moreover, by introducing a finite difference approximation to the Reduced Rank Square Root algorithm it is possible to prevent the use of a tangent linear model for the propagation of the error covariance, which poses a large implementational effort in case an extended kalman filter is used.  相似文献   

伊豆-小笠原下方660km间断面的区域性差异     

周元泽  蒋志勇  臧绍先 《地震学报》2002,24(3):317-324

利用南、北加州地震台网、华盛顿州西北太平洋地震台网单分量短周期地震仪和德国、瑞士地震台网／台阵的三分量宽频带地震仪记录的1981～2000年伊豆——小笠原地区下方地震的波形资料，使用N次根倾斜叠加方法提取近源一侧来自间断面SdP转换震相，以研究660km间断面区域性差异．研究发现，自35Ｎ 到26Ｎ 的各剖面依次体现了和达 本尼奥夫带（Wadati-Benioff zone）倾角逐渐加大，且地震分布的最大深度也逐步增大，俯冲板块对660km间断面存在的影响也因此产生了差异性:没有俯冲板块影响的情况下，该间断面出现在CM）660km深度处，而受到俯冲板块明显作用的地区，则该间断面普遍出现下陷．转换点分布的一定程度分散性可能是间断面本身复杂结构、震相误判或一维球对称地球模型假定等因素造成的．这一转换点分布的分散性是一个亟需解决的问题．   相似文献   

Crustal root beneath the highlands of southern Norway resolved by teleseismic receiver functions   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

L. Svenningsen  N. Balling  B. H. Jacobsen  R. Kind  K. Wylegalla  J. Schweitzer 《Geophysical Journal International》2007,170(3):1129-1138

Teleseismic data have been collected with temporary seismograph stations on two profiles in southern Norway. Including the permanent arrays NORSAR and Hagfors the profiles are 400 and 500 km long and extend from the Atlantic coast across regions of high topography and the Oslo Rift. A total of 1071 teleseismic waveforms recorded by 24 temporary and 8 permanent stations are analysed. The depth-migrated receiver functions show a well-resolved Moho for both profiles with Moho depths that are generally accurate within ±2 km.
For the northern profile across Jotunheimen we obtain Moho depths between 32 and 43 km (below sea level). On the southern profile across Hardangervidda, the Moho depths range from 29 km at the Atlantic coast to 41 km below the highland plateau. Generally the depth of Moho is close to or above 40 km beneath areas of high mean topography (>1 km), whereas in the Oslo Rift the crust locally thins down to 32 km. At the east end of the profiles we observe a deepening Moho beneath low topography. Beneath the highlands the obtained Moho depths are 4–5 km deeper than previous estimates. Our results are supported by the fact that west of the Oslo Rift a deep Moho correlates very well with low Bouguer gravity which also correlates well with high mean topography.
The presented results reveal a ca . 10–12 km thick Airy-type crustal root beneath the highlands of southern Norway, which leaves little room for additional buoyancy-effects below Moho. These observations do not seem consistent with the mechanisms of substantial buoyancy presently suggested to explain a significant Cenozoic uplift widely believed to be the cause of the high topography in present-day southern Norway.  相似文献   

波动方程角度域共成像道集   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

陈生昌  马在田 《地球科学》2007,32(4):569-574

针对基于波场深度递推的波动方程叠前深度偏移成像方法难以准确地给出如Kirchhoff积分叠前深度偏移成像方法的偏移距域共成像道集的不足,在分析研究现有的各种波动方程偏移成像共成像道集方法的基础上,利用波场外推的单平方根算子和波场的窗口Fourier框架展开与重构方法,提出一种局部角度域共成像道集方法——成像点处反射角共成像道集方法.把这种角度域共成像道集方法应用于国际标准的Marmousi模型数据和一条实际二维地震数据都取得了理想的结果.提出的波动方程反射角度域共成像道集方法可为进一步的叠前偏移数据振幅随角度变化分析和偏移速度分析工作提供基础.  相似文献   

The Offset-Domain Prestack Depth Migration with Optimal Separable Approximation     

张致付刘春园  张春涛孟小红 《中国地质大学学报(英文版)》2007,18(4):350-356

The offset-domain prestack depth migration with optimal separable approximation, based on the double square root equation, is used to image complex media with large and rapid velocity variations. The method downward continues the source and the receiver wavefields simultaneously. The mixed domain algorithm with forward Fourier and inverse Fourier transform is used to construct the double square root equation wavefield extrapolation operator. This operator separates variables in the wave number domain and variables in the space domain. The phase operation is implemented in the wave number domain, whereas the time delay for lateral velocity variation is corrected in the space domain. The migration algorithm is efficient since the seismic data are not computed shot by shot. The data set test of the Marmousi model indicates that the offset-domain migration provides a satisfied seismic migration section on which complex geologic structures are imaged in media with large and rapid lateral velocity variations.  相似文献   

森林地下碳分配(TBCA)研究进展   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

陈光水  杨玉盛  刘乐中  李熙波  赵月彩  袁一丁 《亚热带资源与环境学报》2007,2(1):34-42

森林地下碳分配(TBCA)是森林碳循环的重要通量,对森林碳吸存有十分重要作用.TBCA是森林生态系统GPP中一个最大的汇,可占GPP的21%～61%,土壤呼吸的2/3来自TBCA.目前国际上常用的TBCA测定方法为碳平衡法,在假定地下碳库处于稳定状态时,TBCA可由土壤呼吸减去凋落物量获得,但该方法存在一系列问题.影响森林TBCA的因素有生产力、森林类型、树龄和森林演替阶段、土壤养分和水分有效性、林分密度和树种组成、气候变化因素等.TBCA中各个组成部分均较难以测定和量化,通常假定TBCA中根系呼吸与根系生产力各约占50%,而TBCA中菌根菌和根系分泌物的贡献则仍不清楚.有关TBCA各组分去向及影响机理的研究亦很少.TBCA未来的研究应致力于揭示TBCA的根本驱动因子和其对全球变化的响应机理,以及TBCA转化为土壤新碳的效率及控制因素;同时应提高TBCA测定方法的确定性,特别是应将碳同位素法、微根管法及碳平衡法三者相结合.  相似文献   

三江平原小叶章湿地枯落物和根分解及其硫元素释放动态   总被引：3，自引：7，他引：3  

李新华  刘景双  杨继松 《湿地科学》2007,5(1):76-82

在三江平原小叶章(Calamagrostis angustifolia)典型草甸湿地和小叶章沼泽化草甸湿地中,利用分解袋法研究了小叶章的枯落物和根的分解及其硫元素释放动态。结果表明,在两种类型湿地中,小叶章枯落物和根的分解模式相同,都为快、慢交替的变化模式;但它们的分解速率不同,其原因主要是两种湿地的微环境和分解袋的投放方式不同。经过450 d的分解之后,在小叶章典型草甸和小叶章沼泽化草甸湿地中,小叶章枯落物的干物质损失率分别为32.31%和36.10%,相应的分解速率分别为0.0005797 d-1和0.0006321 d-1,而小叶章根的干物质损失率分别为60.75%和33.68%,其相应的分解速率分别为0.00153 d-1和0.0006412 d-1。在两种类型湿地中,小叶章枯落物和根中的总硫含量都呈波动性变化,小叶章枯落物中硫的释放模式为淋溶、固持、释放,根中硫的释放模式为固持、释放,C/S比值是影响硫发生固持或释放的主要因素。  相似文献   

甘蒙柽柳幼苗生长动态及其对沙漠腹地生境条件的适应策略     

魏疆  张希明  马文东  单立山  闫海龙 《干旱区地理》2007,30(5):666-673

沙漠腹地水是限制植物生长发育的主要因子。而植物改变其根系的生长速度,利用深层土壤水是抗旱的重要机制。试验中采用一次性灌溉的方法探讨防护林主要物种之一甘蒙柽柳(Tamarix austrom ongolica)幼苗在土壤水分逐渐旱化条件下的生长发育状况。分别在五月,七月,九月和十月采用水冲法和壕沟法将幼苗根系全部冲出,并测量各项生长指标。结果显示在逐渐旱化的生境中,柽柳幼苗生长在时间和空间上表现出不同的适应特征。柽柳幼苗垂直根和水平根的最大生长速率出现时间均早于地上株高和冠幅的最大生长速率所出现的时间。垂直根的生长速率分别为:1.178,0.150,0.089和0.133 cm/d;株高的生长速率分别为:0.127,0.107,0.070和0.053 cm/d。说明柽柳幼苗根系在空间上具有生长速度的优势。整个生长季中幼苗地上、地下生物指标的生长速率在垂直方向呈现"逐渐递减"趋势,水平方向则呈现出此消彼长相互交替的生长趋势,同时柽柳幼苗根冠比在不同时期分别为:0.602,0.589,0.636和0.634 cm/d。这些特性是柽柳幼苗适应逐渐旱化生境生长策略选择的综合表现。  相似文献   

On Transpiration and Soil Moisture Content Sensitivity to Soil Hydrophysical Data     

Ferenc?ácsEmail author 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2005,115(3):473-497

Sensitivity of evapotranspiration E and root zone soil moisture content θ to the parameterization of soil water retention Ψ(θ) and soil water conductivity K(Ψ), as well as to the definition of field capacity soil moisture content, is investigated by comparing Psi1-PMSURF and Theta-PMSURF models. The core of PMSURF (Penman–Monteith Surface Fluxes) consists of a 3-layer soil moisture prediction module based on Richard’s equation in combination with the Penman–Monteith concept for estimating turbulent heat fluxes. Psi1- PMSURF and Theta-PMSURF differ only in the parameterization of the moisture availability function F_ma. In Psi1,F_ma is parameterized by using Ψ(θ) and K(Ψ) hydrophysical functions; in Theta, F_ma is parameterized by using hydrophysical parameters: the field capacity θ_f and wilting point θ_w soil moisture contents. Both Psi1 and Theta are based on using soil hydrophysical data, that is, there is no conceptual difference between them in the parameterization of E even if in Psi1F_ma depends on 12 parameters, while in Theta only on two soil/vegetation parameters. Sensitivity tests are performed using the Cabauw dataset. Three soil datasets are used: the vG (van Genuchten), CH/vG (Clapp and Hornberger/van Genuchten) and CH/PILPS (Clapp and Hornberger/Project for Intercomparison of Land-surface Parameterization Schemes) datasets. The vG dataset is used in van Genuchten’s parameterization, while in Clapp and Hornberger’s the CH/vG and CH/PILPS datasets are used. It is found that the consistency of soil hydrophysical data in the simulation of transpiration is quite important. The annual sum of E obtained by Psi1E^Psi1, differs from the annual sum of E obtained by Theta, E^Theta, because of the inconsistency between the fitting parameters of Ψ(θ) and K(Ψ) and the θ_f, and not because of the differencies in the parameterization of F_ma. Further, θ_f can be estimated not only on the basis of using soil hydrophysical functions (the θ_f so obtained is θ^Soil_f) but also on the basis of analysing the transpiration process (the θ_fso obtained is θ^tr_f). θ^tr_f values estimated from the condition E^Theta ≈ E^Psi1 are in acceptable accordance with the θ^Soil_f values proposed by Wösten and co-workers. The results are useful in optimizing the parameterization of transpiration in land-surface schemes.  相似文献