结构动力分析中多点激励问题的研究综述   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

周国良  鲍叶欣  李小军  彭小波 《世界地震工程》2009,25(4)

针对结构多点激励问题的研究现状,分别介绍了地震动时空变化性、多点激励分析基本方法、地震动记录校正以及多点激励对结构的影响.首先阐述了地震动时空变化性及主要表现形式,并提出了最不利行波概念;其次介绍了多点激励分析的基本方法,并指出了3种确定性方法的优缺点和适用性;然后论述了多点激励对地震动时程的基本要求:地震动加速度记录的校正问题;接着简要介绍了多点激励对结构的复杂影响,并指出这种影响取决于拟静力反应项和动反应项的相互关系.最后,对结构多点激励分析有关问题提出了展望和建议.  相似文献   

近百年来中国冰川变化及其对气候变化的敏感性研究进展   总被引：18，自引：3，他引：15  

段建平  王丽丽  任贾文  李论 《地理科学进展》2009,28(2)

冰川变化是气候变化的产物,也是气候变化的指示器.在全球变暖的背景下,近百年来我国冰川消融强烈,以退缩为主.本文对近百年来我国冰川末端退缩、物质平衡变化和冰川面积变化方面的研究成果进行了综合分析.从时间和空间两方面探讨了我国冰川变化对气候变化响应的敏感性.结果表明,我国冰川末端变化对气候变化的响应在时间上要滞后10～20年,冰川末端退缩、物质平衡变化和面积变化的幅度在青藏高原边缘和周边地区要大于高原内部,对气候变化响应的敏感性也由内部向边缘增强.最后指出了我国冰川变化研究中存在的主要问题及今后发展趋势.  相似文献   

Characteristics of stemflow for tall stewartia (Stewartia monadelpha) growing on a hillslope     

Wei-Li Liang  Ken&#x;ichirou Kosugi  Takahisa Mizuyama 《Journal of Hydrology》2009,378(1-2):168-178

The characteristics of stemflow were observed in a tall stewartia (Stewartia monadelpha) deciduous forest on a hillslope in central Japan, revealing new findings for a previously unreported type of deciduous forest. Using 2-year observations of 250 rainfall events, we analyzed seasonal and spatial variations in stemflow for several trees, and applied additional data sets of throughfall and plant area index (PAI) to produce a rough estimate of seasonal variations in rainfall redistribution processes and canopy architecture for a single tree. Compared to previous findings for other deciduous tree species, the ratios of throughfall, stemflow, and interception to open-area rainfall obviously varied with PAI changes for tall stewartia. Meteorological conditions of rainfall amount, rainfall intensity, wind speed, and wind direction had little effect on stemflow generation, which was mainly affected by variation in canopy architecture. Three novel characteristics of stemflow were identified for several tall stewartia trees. First, the yearly stemflow ratio at the forest-stand level for tall stewartia (12%) was high compared to previous findings on beech and oak stands, indicating tall stewartia has considerably high potential to generate a great amount of stemflow. Second, stemflow tended to be 1.3–2.0 times greater in the leafed period than in the leafless period. Third, the amount of stemflow was 12–132 times greater on the downslope side of the stem than on the upslope side. It likely caused by the uneven area between the upslope and downslope sides of the canopy and by asymmetrical stemflow pathways between the upslope and downslope sides of the trunk due to downslope tilting of the tree trunk.  相似文献   

Flow recession as a driver of the morpho‐texture of braided streams          下载免费PDF全文

Yael Storz‐Peretz  Jonathan B. Laronne  Nicola Surian  Ana Lucía 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(6):754-770

Braiding has been widely studied in humid‐temperate climates though rarely in arid environments. Morpho‐texture of braided streams refers to the morphological‐textural organization in a braid‐cell (stream section including bars, anabranches and chutes) that may strongly relate to different processes and hydrological regimes. The objective of this study is to compare the morpho‐texture of braided streams governed by diverse flow recessions in different climates. Measurements were conducted in the wadis Ze'elim and Rahaf, southeast hyper‐arid Israel, in the Mediterranean Barranca‐de‐los‐Pinos, central Spain and in humid‐temperate braided systems, the La‐Bléone River, Haute‐Provence, France and in the Saisera and Cimoliana torrents, northeast Italy. Terrestrial laser scanning was used to produce point clouds and high resolution digital elevation models of the braid‐cells. Wet braid‐cells in humid‐temperate environments were surveyed by a Total Station. Roughness and the upper tail of grain size distributions were derived from the scanned point clouds or from Wolman sampling. We found that anabranches are commonly finer‐grained than the bars in dryland systems and in semi‐arid sandy braided systems, contrary to the humid‐temperate braided systems. In both climates, chutes are similar or coarser‐grained than the bars which they dissect, in accordance with their steeper gradients due to the considerable bar‐anabranch relief. The Saisera's morpho‐texture is similar to that of the dryland braided channels, despite the very humid‐temperate environment in which it is located, due to its short‐lived, ephemeral type hydrograph. Hydrograph shape, specifically the duration of flow recession, typical of a climate but not confined to it, determines the morpho‐texture of braided streams and the textural differentiation between a depositional bar and the adjacent anabranches. The morpho‐texture of chutes and bars results also from local erosional processes affected by local topography, i.e. ungraded longitudinal profiles, and is not solely determined by flow recession. This new morpho‐textural model enables identifying primary depositional and erosional braiding processes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Paleotemperature variations at Lake Caohai,southwestern China,during the past 500 years:Evidence from combined δ~(18)O analysis of cellulose and carbonates     

ZHU ZhengJie  CHEN JingAn  ZENG Yan 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,57(6):1245-1253

The oxygen isotopic values of aquatic plant cellulose and carbonates in Lake Caohai sediments were measured using a continuous flow isotopic ratio mass spectrometer(CF-IRMS).Because of predictable oxygen isotopic fractionation between cellulose and its source water,the oxygen isotopic composition of paleo-lake water has been established quantitatively.Combined oxygen isotopic values of cellulose and carbonates were used in the‘Craig’equation to determine paleotemperatures and their variation in the lake during the past 500 years.Results show that the paleotemperature trend correlates well with meteorological records from Weining.There are four notable cold intervals at Lake Caohai over the past 500 years,namely 1540–1570AD,1670–1715AD,1780–1870AD and 1900–1930AD,and the former three cold intervals have been observed in the conventional Little Ice Age(LIA).These cold periods at Lake Caohai correspond well with those recorded from tree ring,peat,and ice core data from adjacent regions,particularly temperature those inferred fromδ18O of peat cellulose from Hongyuan Southwestern China.The trend in paleotemperature variations at Lake Caohai are also consistent with both the change of Indian summer monsoon,derived fromδ18O values of a stalagmite in Dongge,and a recorded shift in solar activity.The findings of this study illustrate that coupled analysis ofδ18O values of cellulose and carbonates from lake sediments may be used as a paleotemperature proxy.These results also provide further evidence of the existence of LIA in southwestern China.  相似文献   

额尔齐斯河源区森林对春季融雪过程的影响评估   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

张伟  沈永平  贺建桥  贺斌  吴雪娇  陈安安  李红德 《冰川冻土》2014,36(5):1260-1270

春季积雪融水是额尔齐斯河河源区最重要的水资源. 为探索森林对春季融雪过程的影响, 于2014年融雪期在额尔齐斯河河源区的卡依尔特斯河流域, 选择草地、林中空地和林下三种不同地貌条件, 分别观测积雪消融过程. 结果显示: 积雪消融过程中, 积雪深度和雪水当量的变化并不是同步的; 积雪深度的减小是持续发生的, 是新雪密实化作用的结果; 而雪水当量仅在日均空气温度高于 0 ℃ 时才出现快速的下降. 森林具有显著调节空气温度的功能, 三种类型观测点1.5 m处的日平均空气温度表现为草地>林下>林中空地, 其中, 消融期内草地的平均空气温度(-2.5 ℃)远高于林下(-5.4 ℃)和林中空地(-6.1 ℃); 森林的存在显著减小了空气温度的日较差. 草地、林中空地和林下积雪消融持续期分别为20 d、43 d和35 d, 消融期平均积雪消融速率分别为2.1 mm·d^-1、1.5 mm·d^-1和 1.2 mm·d^-1, 即: 草地>林中空地>林下. 另外, 单棵树对积雪的消融速率有极其重要的影响: 树冠外一定距离内积雪的消融速率约为树冠下积雪消融速率的2倍以上; 但由于树冠超过70%的降雪截留效应, 树冠正下方的积雪消融结束时间仍提前树冠外侧约10 d. 积雪的消融由空气温度和辐射强度共同决定: 当日平均空气温度<0 ℃时, 辐射强度对积雪消融影响较大, 消融过程可由空气温度和辐射强度共同描述; 当温度>0 ℃时, 单独的空气温度可直接反映消融速率的变化. 研究还发现, 该流域内积雪的消融主要发生在每天的14:00-19:00, 该时段内积雪消融量约占全天消融总量的50%以上, 这对流域内积雪洪水预报和水资源利用及管理具有重要的指导意义.  相似文献   

青藏高原地区积雪年际变化异常中心的季节变化特征     

伯玥  李小兰  王澄海 《冰川冻土》2014,36(6):1353-1362

利用青藏高原1980-2009年SMMR、SSM/I和AMSR-E被动微波遥感反演得到的逐日积雪深度资料, 应用EOF方法分析了近30 a青藏高原地区冬春季积雪年际变化异常的时空变化. 结果表明: 青藏高原冬春季积雪年际异常敏感区随季节有着显著变化, 并具有多尺度性. 其在大尺度上最主要的空间特征是从秋末(10-12月)到隆冬(12-翌年2月)位于青藏高原腹地和东南缘的河谷; 后冬和前春年际异常变化的敏感区显著变小, 整个青藏高原地区的积雪稳定少变; 而春季(3-5月), 随着青藏高原气温的回升, 敏感区出现在青藏高原东部. 青藏高原冬春季积雪年际变化在局地尺度上存在着季节变化, 表现为青藏高原积雪年际变化的异常与年际变化趋势相反的特征, 以及积雪年际变化东西反向异常随季节的演变. 青藏高原冬春季积雪年际变化的异常敏感区在空间范围上的变化, 反映了冬春季积雪在季节尺度上受冬季风和南来的暖湿气流之间相互消长和进退影响的特征. 青藏高原冬春季积雪具有显著的年代际变化, 在20世纪80年代处于多雪期, 80年代后期进入一个积雪较少期. 秋末至隆冬(10-翌年2月)的积雪在20世纪90年代后期出现明显转折, 进入多雪期, 2000年后又进入一个少雪期.  相似文献   

甘肃河西走廊地区气候暖湿转型后的最新事实   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

林纾  李红英  党冰  陆登荣 《冰川冻土》2014,36(5):1111-1121

应用1981-2011年甘肃省河西走廊地区19台站逐日降水资料, 研究了该区域年和四季降水量、雨日、降水强度的气候变化特征. 结果表明: 整个河西走廊秋季及酒泉市东部到张掖市冬季降水呈显著增加; 夏季雨日显著减少, 秋季雨日显著增加; 秋季降水强度普遍增强. 与1990年代相比, 2000年代秋季、春季和冬季降水量占年降水量的比重分别提高了9.4%、3.9%和1.8%, 仍有暖湿化倾向, 其中, 秋季暖湿化显著, 而夏季降水比重却减少了15.3%, 有暖干化趋势. 2000年代降水量、雨日和降水强度极端气候事件明显增加: 从季节看, 秋季发生频率最高, 约占同季全部极端事件的80%左右, 其次是夏季和冬季, 各占60%, 春季和年各占50%; 从要素看, 雨日发生频率最高, 占全部极端事件的近70%, 降水量次之, 占60%, 雨强占50%. 与1990年代相比, 2000年代500 hPa、200 hPa和700 hPa 高度场、相对湿度及比湿有明显的年代际变化, 对秋季降水有利而对夏季降水不利.  相似文献   

1981-2010年西藏霜冻日数的变化特征   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

拉巴次仁  索朗加措  白玛 《地理学报》2014,69(5):690-696

利用西藏38 个气象站点1981-2010 年的逐日最低气温资料,采用气候倾向率、累积距平、信噪比和R/S 分析等气候统计方法,分析了霜冻日数的年际、年代际、异常、突变等气候变化特征。结果表明：西藏霜冻日数都表现为不同程度的减少趋势,减幅为3.3~14.6 d/10a（37个站P < 0.01）;随着海拔高度的升高,霜冻日数减幅在增大。在10a 年际变化尺度上,大部分站点霜冻日数20 世纪80 年代为正距平、21 世纪初为负距平;90 年代霜冻日数以正距平居多。有8 个站点霜冻日数存在突变点,发生在20 世纪90 年代,以1997 年居多。特多霜冻日数发生频数为0~3 次,多发生在20 世纪80 年代;特少霜冻日数频数介于0~4 次,以21 世纪初居多。特多霜冻日数发生频次与经度、纬度和海拔高度的关系不密切,而特少霜冻日数发生频次与海拔高度呈极显著的负相关。  相似文献   

近53年内蒙古寒潮时空变化特征及其影响因素   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  

刘宪锋  朱秀芳  潘耀忠  李双双  张东海  刘焱序 《地理学报》2014,69(7):1013-1024

利用内蒙古及其周边121个气象台站1960-2013年逐日最低气温数据,辅以分段线性回归模型、趋势分析及相关分析等方法,本文探讨了近53年内蒙古寒潮频次的时空变化特征及其影响因素。研究发现 (1) 近53年内蒙古单站寒潮频次总体呈下降趋势,降速为-0.5次/10a (-2.4~1.2次/10a),其中1991年之前降速为-1.1次/10a (-3.3~2.5次/10a),而1991年之后呈增加趋势,增速为0.45次/10a (-4.4~4.2次/10a);春季寒潮变化趋势与年变化趋势一致,且在各季节中变化最为显著;寒潮频次年内变化呈“双峰”结构特征,且以11月最多;(2) 空间上,内蒙古单站寒潮频次具有显著的空间差异特征,高发区集中在内蒙古的北部和中部地区,且北部高于中部。年代尺度对比来看,20世纪60-90年代寒潮高频区域范围在减少、低频区域范围在增加;而21世纪初期高频区域范围有所增加,增加区主要为内蒙古东部的图里河、小二沟,以及中部的西乌珠穆沁旗等地;(3) 就年尺度而言,寒潮主要受AO、NAO、CA、APVII和CQ控制,而各季节驱动因素有所差别,冬季寒潮与AO、NAO、SHI、CA、TPI、APVII、CW和IZ均达到显著相关关系,说明冬季寒潮受多种因素共同控制;秋季寒潮主要受CA和IM影响;而春季寒潮与CA和APVII关系显著。  相似文献