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651.
Footprint Analysis For Measurements Over A Heterogeneous Forest 总被引:8,自引:2,他引:6
Ü Rannik M. Aubinet O. Kurbanmuradov K. K. Sabelfeld T. Markkanen T. Vesala 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2000,97(1):137-166
The air flow and vertical distribution of sources/sinks inside aforest canopy have been taken into accountin the analysis of the contribution of sources/sinks to measured fluxes and concentrations above a forest. Thestochastic estimators for concentrations and fluxes are described and their evaluation is performed by simulationof an ensemble of fluid parcel trajectories. The influence of the forest canopy on the footprint is important forobservation levels up to a few times the forest height. The influence of along-wind turbulent diffusion, whichanalytical atmospheric surface layer (ASL) footprint models do not account for, is significant even at higherlevels. The footprint analysis has been performed to deduce the Douglas fir canopy carbon dioxide uptake from eddycovariance flux measurements above a mixed Douglas fir–beech forest during the pre-leaf periods of the beech.The scatter in the results indicates that such an analysis is limited, presumably due to horizontal inhomogenetiesin flow statistics, which were not included in trajectory simulation. The analysis, however, is useful for theestimation of the qualitative effect of the forest canopy on the footprint function. 相似文献
652.
Changes in stream chemistry were studied for 4 years following large wildfires that burned in Glacier National Park during the summer of 2003. Burned and unburned drainages were monitored from December 2003 through August 2007 for streamflow, major constituents, nutrients, and suspended sediment following the fires. Stream‐water nitrate concentrations showed the greatest response to fire, increasing up to tenfold above those in the unburned drainage just prior to the first post‐fire snowmelt season. Concentrations in winter base flow remained elevated during the entire study period, whereas concentrations during the growing season returned to background levels after two snowmelt seasons. Annual export of total nitrogen from the burned drainage ranged from 1·53 to 3·23 kg ha?1 yr?1 compared with 1·01 to 1·39 kg ha?1 yr?1 from the unburned drainage and exceeded atmospheric inputs for the first two post‐fire water years. Fire appeared to have minimal long‐term effects on other nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, and major constituents with the exception of sulfate and chloride, which showed increased concentrations for 2 years following the fire. There was little evidence that fire affected suspended‐sediment concentrations in the burned drainage. Sediment yields in subalpine streams may be less affected by fire than in lower elevation streams because of the slow release rate of water during spring snowmelt. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
653.
Marine carbon cycle of the South China Sea is an important part of global carbon cycle. Researches on the air-sea CO2 flux in the South China Sea will help us understand the global carbon cycle and improve the global carbon system parameter database. This paper concisely summarized the changes of partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), air-sea CO2 fluxes (FCO2), and related environmental factors in four regions in domains in the South China Sea. The low-salinity area of the upper reaches of the Pearl River estuary in the northern of South China Sea shelf area acted as a strong source of atmospheric CO2, with high pCO2(405.3~810.6 Pa)all year round. The lower area of the Pearl River estuary (salinity > 33.7) acted as a weak sink of CO2 in winter, with relatively low pCO2 (35.2~37.0 Pa). The northern slope/basin in the South China Sea acted as a source of CO2 in warm seasons with a relatively high pCO2 (45.0 Pa), and acted as a sink of CO2 in cold seasons with a relatively low pCO2 (34.7 Pa). The west of the Luzon Strait acted as a sink of CO2 in spring, while it acted as a source of CO2 in other seasons, with relative high pCO2 (38.4~47.5 Pa) in winter. The central/southern basin in the South China Sea acted as sources of CO2, with relative high pCO2 (41.0 Pa) all the year. Generally, the estimation of annual sea-air CO2 fluxes showed that most domains in the South China Sea served as weak sources of atmospheric CO2. In the future, more researches should be focused on the time-series of sea surface pCO2 and the remote sensing of the sea-air CO2 fluxes. 相似文献
654.
I. E. Galbally J. R. Freney W. A. Muirhead J. R. Simpson A. C. F. Trevitt P. M. Chalk 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1987,5(3):343-365
Emissions of nitric oxide and other odd nitrogen oxides (NO
x
) from a flooded rice field were studied after urea had been broadcast into the floodwater.The NO
x
flux from the fertilized area was very low (0.2×10-9 g N m-2 s-1) for the first few days after application of urea and was high (0.95×10-9 g N m-2 s-1) in the subsequent period when significant nitrite and nitrate were present in the floodwater. At night, little if any NO
x
was exhaled but ambient NO2 was absorbed by the floodwater. An uptake velocity for NO2 of 3×10-4 m s-1 was measured during one night. Maximum NO
x
losses were observed near 1300 h when temperature and solar ultraviolet light were maximum.While the amounts of nitrogen oxides emitted are of little agronomic importance (2×10-3 per cent of the fertilizer nitrogen was lost as NO
x
during the 10-day study period), they may well be of significance as a source for some gas reactions in the atmosphere and for the global nitrogen cycle.Of the fertilizer nitrogen applied (as urea) approximately 30% was lost to the atmosphere by NH3 volatilization, 15% by denitrification, presumably as N2, and the remainder, less minor losses of NO and N2O, remained in the plant/soil/water system.Now at Forestry Department, Australian National University, G.P.O. Box 4, ACT 2601, Australia. 相似文献
655.
Fluxes of momentum, latent heat and sensible heat at fixed stations in the east-central Arabian sea during MONEX were studied.
Observations at the same locations at different periods as well as simultaneous observation at different locations were compared.
During the advance of monsoon, momentum flux showed remarkable increase. Latent heat loss from sea also increased while sensible
heat flux, in general, changed direction to become a gain by the sea. SST decreased by about 1.5°C and air temperature decreased
by about 1°C during the advance phase. A north-south difference in SST in the study region seemed to be favourable for the
genesis of onset vortex of monsoon. The possible differential effect of this storm at two different locations, depending upon
the SST before the storm, is also discussed. 相似文献
656.
江南地面热通量对江淮气旋暴雨影响的模拟研究 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
通过对一次江淮气旋暴雨个例的数值模拟,研究地面热通量与大尺度流型结合作用对气旋降水系统的影响。过程前期存在南北两大片地面热通量正值区,北片位于气旋所在处及其前方,南片位于上游低空急流处。模拟比较两片地面热通量的作用发现,前期南片地面热通量,特别是强潜热通量,通过与其上空低空急流的共同作用,对后期下游江淮气旋降水系统的加强起着更为重要的作用。对其机制的初步探讨表明:由地面通量进入低层大气的水汽,通过西南气流向长江中下游输送,改变下游大气的温湿结构,并通过积云对流和层状云雨潜热释放等非绝热过程,促进后期气旋降水系统的发展 相似文献
657.
Solute transfer across the sediment surface of a eutrophic lake: I. Porewater profiles from dialysis samplers 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Noel R. Urban Christian Dinkel Bernhard Wehrli 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1997,59(1):1-25
Porewater profiles often are used to identify and quantify important biogeochemical processes occurring in lake sediments.
In this study, multiple porewater profiles were obtained from two eutrophic Swiss lakes using porewater equilibrators (peepers)
in order to examine spatial and seasonal trends in biogeochemical processes. Variability in profile shapes and concentrations
was small on spatial scales of a few meters, but the uncertainty in calculated diffusive fluxes across the sediment surface
was, on average, 35%. Focusing of Fe and Mn oxides toward the lake center resulted in systematic increases in porewater concentrations
and diffusive fluxes of Fe2+ and Mn2+ with increasing water depth; these fluxes are postulated to be regulated by the pH-dependent dissolution of reduced-metal
phases. Despite higher concentrations of inorganic carbon, NH
4
+
, Si and P in pelagic compared to littoral sites, diffusive fluxes of these substances across the sediment surface increased
only slightly or not at all with increasing water depth. Porewater profiles did reveal temporal changes in Fe2+, Mn2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ that were an indirect result of the large, seasonal changes in seston deposition, but no clear seasonal variations were found
in diffusive fluxes of nutrients across the sediment surface. The intense mineralization occurring at the sediment surface
was not reflected in the porewater profiles nor in the calculated diffusive fluxes. Calculated diffusive fluxes across the
sediment surface resulted from decomposition occurring primarily in the top 5–7 cm of sediment. Diffusive fluxes from this
subsurface mineralization were equal to the solute release from mineralization occurring at the sediment-water interface.
Buried organic matter acts as a memory of previous lake conditons; it will require at least a decade before reductions in
nutrient inputs to lakes fully reduce the diffusive fluxes into the lake from the buried reservoir of organic matter. 相似文献
658.
Gerrit de Leeuw Leo Cohen Lise Marie Frohn Gary Geernaert Ole Hertel Bjarne Jensen Tim Jickells Laura Klein Gerard J. Kunz Soren Lund Marcel Moerman Frank Müller Britta Pedersen Knut von Salzen K. Heinke Schlünzen Michael Schulz Carsten A. Skjth Lise-Lotte Sorensen Lucinda Spokes Susanne Tamm Elisabetta Vignati 《Continental Shelf Research》2001,21(18-19)
The aim of the atmospheric nitrogen inputs into the coastal ecosystem (ANICE) project is to improve transport–chemistry models that estimate nitrogen deposition to the sea. To achieve this, experimental and modelling work is being conducted which aims to improve understanding of the processes involved in the chemical transformation, transport and deposition of atmospheric nitrogen compounds. Of particular emphasis within ANICE is the influence of coastal zone processes. Both short episodes with high deposition and chronic nitrogen inputs are considered in the project. The improved transport–chemistry models will be used to assess the atmospheric inputs of nitrogen compounds into the European regional seas (the North Sea is studied as a prototype) and evaluate the impact of various emission reduction strategies on the atmospheric nitrogen loads. Assessment of the impact of atmospheric nitrogen on coastal ecosystems will be based on comparisons of phytoplankton nitrogen requirements, other external nitrogen inputs to the ANICE area of interest and the direct nitrogen fluxes provided by ANICE. Selected results from both the experimental and modelling components are presented here. The experimental results show the large spatial and temporal variability in the concentrations of gaseous nitrogen compounds, and their influences on fluxes. Model calculations show the strong variation of both concentrations and gradients of nitric acid at fetches of up to 25 km. Aerosol concentrations also show high temporal variability and experimental evidence for the reaction between nitric acid and sea salt aerosol is provided by size-segregated aerosol composition measured at both sides of the North Sea. In several occasions throughout the experimental period, air mass back trajectory analysis showed connected flow between the two sampling sites (the Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory on the North Norfolk coast of the UK and Meetpost Noordwijk, a research tower at 9 km off the Dutch coast). Results from the METRAS/SEMA mesoscale chemistry transport model system for one of these cases are presented. Measurements of aerosol and rain chemical composition, using equipment mounted on a commercial ferry, show variations in composition across the North Sea. These measurements have been compared to results obtained with the transport–chemistry model ACDEP which calculates the atmospheric inputs into the whole North Sea area. Finally, the results will be made available for the assessment of the impact of atmospheric nitrogen on coastal ecosystems. 相似文献
659.
在对云南抚仙湖、星云湖和洱海3个高原湖怕进行地球化学和湖沼学调查,确定湖水中微粒的溶解浓度和化学成分,对沉降质和沉积物进行分析的基础上,对这些湖泊的化学动态变化进行了讨论。 相似文献
660.
TOGA-COAREIOP海表通量估算 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
使用TOGA-COAREIOP1992年11月5日至1993年2月19日向阳红5号海上船舶(2°S,156°E)观测资料,通过3种不同的总体方法估算了这个点的海表面通量。首先得出一个中性拖曳系数和风速之间的准线性关系,然后用迭代法处理依赖于稳定度的拖曳系数和输送系数,在此基础上计算了动量、感热和潜热通量。在暖池区与西风相对应的通量远大于东信风相对应的通量,海表通量的量值也依赖于稳定度,特别是在弱风条件下。估算的海表净热量平衡表明从海洋向大气大量的热输送主要是由潜热通量和有效长波辐射产生的。其中潜热通量的数值最大、感热通量数值最小。最后和同期日本R/VHakuho考察船(0°,156°E)用涡动相关法得到的直接测量通量比较,作了精确度分析,表明用总体方法估算的通量是可靠的。并用向阳红5号船的资料估算的有效长波辐射和直接测量值作了比较,也和热带西太平洋TOGA调查作了比较分析。 相似文献