Offshore wind decommissioning regulations and workflows in the Outer Continental Shelf United States     

Mark J. Kaiser  Brian Snyder 《Marine Policy》2012,36(1):113-121

Decommissioning regulations for offshore renewable energy facilities require that all facilities be removed and the seafloor cleared of all obstructions at the end of the life of the lease. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the expected workflows and stages of decommissioning that are likely to arise for offshore wind farms, to describe the exposure and liability of the parties involved and to compare offshore wind and oil and gas decommissioning. An alternative method for turbine removal is proposed which, if feasible, will reduce decommissioning cost. The objectives of a bonding program are motivated and discussed.  相似文献   

生石灰深层搅拌桩加固软土地基机理及应用     

殷天平 《贵州地质》2004,21(3):185-187

讨论生石灰深层搅拌强度形成机理,加固处理软基的有效性和应用条件。该方法具有设备简单、施工方便、工期短、经济效益好等特点。  相似文献   

阿齐山—雅满苏地区中-新生代构造隆升裂变径迹 证据:兼论构造活动对核废选址场的意义   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

刘红旭  颜丹平  何建国  陈峰  高洪雷  所世鑫  王勋  张晓  曹清艳  王永文  赵建 《高校地质学报》2014,20(1):81-92

构造活动性是核废处置场评价的一项基本判别要素。文中通过对东天山阿齐山—雅满苏地区磷灰石裂变径迹测年及 构造隆升剥蚀过程的模拟来评价核废处置场的构造活动性。结果表明阿齐山—雅满苏地区样品磷灰石裂变径迹年龄集中分 布在81.7~51.4 Ma之间,反映出东天山地区晚白垩世—始新世存在一次明显的构造冷却事件,这与天山地区晚白垩世的抬 升剥露事件相一致。磷灰石裂变径迹长度介于13.60±0.11~14.36±0.10 μm之间,其长度标准差为0.98~1.22 μm,显示该区 磷灰石径迹形成后没有发生过明显的退火作用。根据地温梯度计算得到晚白垩世—始新世东天山阿齐山—雅满苏地区隆升 剥蚀速率为270~580 m/Ma。现有地质资料及热史模拟结果表明,东天山阿齐山—雅满苏地区在晚白垩世—始新世(84~49 Ma)期间经历了强烈的构造隆升—剥露事件,自始新世以后50 Ma以来,地壳处于稳定状态,新生代构造活动不明显,其 活动强度明显有别于天山其他地段。东天山阿齐山—雅满苏地区现在的构造地貌基本继承了晚白垩世的特征,处于构造活 动平稳期,符合核废处置场选址的构造要求。  相似文献   

围堰工程对污水管线影响的数值模拟与评估     

芮瑞  杨繁  刘鹏 《岩土力学》2014,35(1):273-278

城市内新建工程周边环境复杂,地下管线种类繁多,在设计之初就需要考虑施工以及工程营运对其安全的影响,但目前缺乏统一的影响评价标准,须按照管线功能以及所属部门的相关规程作为其评价依据。该项目的管线为下穿围堰的2条直径为1.2 m、壁厚为12 mm的排污管,采用FLAC3D建立了围堰工程对大直径有压焊接薄壁排污管道的三维数值计算模型,分4种不同施工工况进行了管道变形和应力计算。依据相关规范的要求,从管道本身的安全性和正常使用要求出发,并采用第4强度理论计算了相当应力,最大值为136.61 MPa,出现在最后抽水工况下管1的外侧。最大沉降量39.3 mm对应的管体倾斜量为0.275%。将其结果与理论值进行对比,理论计算得到的相当应力最大值为188.18 MPa,高于数值计算结果,其原因为理论方法将各影响效应分别计算并进行简单相加。结果表明,拟建围堰工程对该管线的影响可控,数值方法较规范方法计算结果更为合理,为类似工程对管线影响评价提供了参考。  相似文献   

Analysis of foraminifera assemblages and sediment geochemical properties to characterise the environment near Araçá and Saco da Capela domestic sewage submarine outfalls of São Sebastião Channel, São Paulo State, Brazil     

A.C. Teodoro  W. Duleba  C.C. Lamparelli 《Marine pollution bulletin》2010,60(4):536-553

Superficial bottom samples were collected near diffusers of domestic sewage submarine outfalls at Araçá and Saco da Capela, São Sebastião Channel, Brazil. The goal of this study was to investigate the distribution and composition of live benthic foraminifera assemblages and integrate the results obtained with geochemical analyses to assess human-induced changes. According to the results obtained no environmental stress was observed near the Saco da Capela submarine outfall diffusers. The foraminifera assemblage is characterised by species typical of highly hydrodynamic environments, with well-oxygenated bottom waters and low nutrient contents. In contrast, near Araçá submarine outfall, organic enrichment was denoted by high phosphorus, sulphur and, to a lesser extent, total organic carbon content. Harmful influences on foraminifera could be identified by low richness and specific diversity, as well as the predominance of detritivore feeder species, which are associated with higher organic matter flux and low oxygen in the interstitial pore water.  相似文献   

Adjustment of benthic fauna following sediment disposal at a site with multiple stressors in Port Valdez, Alaska     

Blanchard AL  Feder HM 《Marine pollution bulletin》2003,46(12):1590-1599

The shallow subtidal macrobenthos at Port Valdez, Alaska, was examined to assess faunal adjustment following disposal of dredged sediments over a three-year period. Prior to sediment disposal, the infauna consisted of a relatively species-rich assemblage dominated by sessile polychaetes and bivalves. Six months after disposal, virtually all taxa present prior to dredging and disposal were rare or absent with opportunistic taxa dominant. Surveys performed 1.5 years after sediment disposal indicated faunal adjustment was in progress; large, sessile polychaetes and bivalves were still present in low numbers after 2.5 years. At one station, increasing organic enrichment by fish-wastes from adjacent processing plants resulted in a shift to a highly disturbed benthic assemblage. The trends in the faunal assemblage suggest that environmental conditions were still in a state of flux 2.5 years after the dredging event.  相似文献   

Toxicity testing,risk assessment,and options for dredged material management   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Munns WR  Berry WJ  Dewitt TH 《Marine pollution bulletin》2002,44(4):294-302

Programs for evaluating proposed discharges of dredged material into waters of the United States specify a tiered testing and evaluation protocol that includes performance of acute and chronic bioassays to assess toxicity of the dredged sediments. Although these evaluations reflect the toxicological risks associated with disposal activities to some degree, analysis activities are limited to the sediments of each dredging project separately. Cumulative risks to water column and benthic organisms at and near the designated disposal site are therefore difficult to assess. An alternate approach is to focus attention on the disposal site, with the goal of understanding more directly the risks of multiple disposal events to receiving ecosystems. Here we review current US toxicity testing and evaluation protocols, and describe an application of ecological risk assessment that allows consideration of the temporal and spatial components of risk to receiving aquatic ecosystems. When expanded to include other disposal options, this approach can provide the basis for holistic management of dredged material disposal.  相似文献   

A Topographic-Hydrogeologic Model for Solid Waste Landfill Siting     

L.V.A. Sendlein  R. C. Palmquist 《Ground water》1975,13(3):260-268

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Effects of dry density and exchangeable cations on the diffusion process of sodium ions in compacted montmorillonite     

Tamotsu Kozaki  Seichi Sato 《Engineering Geology》2005,81(3):246-254

As a part of the safety assessment of the geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste, the effects of dry density and exchangeable cations on the diffusion process of Na⁺ ions in compacted bentonite were studied from the viewpoint of the activation energy for diffusion. The apparent self-diffusion coefficients of Na⁺ ions in compacted Na-montmorillonite and in a Na- and Ca-montmorillonite mixture were determined by one-dimensional, non-steady diffusion experiments at different temperatures and dry densities. A unique change in activation energy as a function of dry density was found for the Na⁺ ions in compacted Na-montmorillonite. The activation energy suddenly decreased from 18.1 to 14.1 kJ mol^− 1 as the dry density increased from 0.9 to 1.0 Mg m^− 3, whereas it increased to 24.7 kJ mol^− 1 as the dry density increased to 1.8 Mg m^− 3. Examination of the effect of exchangeable cations on the activation energies determined that the activation energies were almost constant, approximately 25 kJ mol^− 1, for the montmorillonite specimens at a dry density of 1.8 Mg m^− 3. However, three different activation energy values were obtained at a dry density of 1.0 Mg m^− 3. These findings cannot be explained by the conventional diffusion model (the pore water diffusion model), which suggests that the predominant diffusion process alternates among pore water diffusion, interlayer diffusion, and external surface diffusion.  相似文献   

Modification of physical, mechanical and hydraulic properties of bentonite by thermo-hydraulic gradients     

M.V. Villar  P.L. Martín  J.M. Barcala 《Engineering Geology》2005,81(3):284-297

The conditions of the bentonite in an engineered barrier for high-level radioactive waste disposal have been simulated in a series of tests. Cylindrical cells with an inner length of 60 cm and a diameter of 7 cm have been constructed. Inside the cells, six blocks of FEBEX bentonite have been piled-up, giving rise to a total length similar to the thickness of the clay barrier in a repository according to the Spanish concept. To obtain the blocks, the clay with its hygroscopic water content has been uniaxially compacted at a dry density of 1.65 g/cm³. The bottom surface of the material was heated at 100 °C and the top surface was injected with granitic water. The duration of the tests was 6, 12 and 24 months. The temperatures inside the clay and the water intake were measured during the tests and, at the end, the cells were dismounted and the dry density, water content and some hydro-mechanical properties of the clay (permeability, swelling pressure and swelling under load) were measured at different positions. The values obtained are compared to those of the untreated FEBEX bentonite. The injection of water provokes in the vicinity of the hydration surface an increase of the water content and a decrease of the dry density due to the swelling of the clay, while heating gives rise to an increase of the dry density and a reduction of the water content in the 18 cm closest to the heater, even after 2 years of thermo-hydraulic (TH) treatment. The swelling capacity and the hydraulic conductivity after TH treatment are mainly related to the dry density and water content attained during it. No major irreversible modifications of these properties with respect to those of the untreated clay have been detected.  相似文献