Geochemical types of pacific polymetallic nodules: An application of multivariate analysis     

L. Gromoll 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(4):361-379

A total of 843 samples of Pacific Ocean polymetallic nodules (PNs) from five survey areas have been studied (metals analyzed: Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Co, Zn, Pb). The statistical analysis included the following techniques: factor R analysis, quick cluster Q analysis into 50 preclasses, various hierarchical cluster Q analyses (HCAs) using the preclasses (application of different HCAs to an identical set of data and of an identical HCA to two different subsets of the data), comparison of the HCA. The PNs of the survey areas can be grouped into five geochemical types (I‐V). The genesis of the PNs was interpreted as early diagenetic, hydrogenetic, and mixed (early diagenetic/hydrogenetic and hydrogenetic/hydrothermal. In addition, some further conclusions regarding the applicability of various HCA techniques depending on the structure of the data set have been drawn.  相似文献   

Environment and Deep-Sea Mining: A Perspective     

B. Nagender Nath  R. Sharma 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(3):285-294

Abstract

As the quest for deep-sea mineral resources is gaining momentum, environment and ocean mining have become important aspects of study. Because many of these deposits occur in international waters, the concern for environmental conservation in view of the effects of deep-sea mining is resulting in these effects being studied in different oceans, and efforts to develop regulations governing this exploitation are also underway at national and international levels. The impact assessment of deep-sea mining needs to encompass a variety of subjects, including environmental, socioeconomic, technological, and legal aspects. At the same time, effects of in situ environmental conditions on mining activities also need to be considered for effecient performance by the mining system. Differences in the degree of impact have been noticed during the mining simulation experiments by different investigating agencies. Therefore, interparameter comparisons, standardization of methods, and improvement in mining design are important considerations for proper utilization of resources, conservation of environment, and cost efficiency of the mining operations.  相似文献   

Composition and Useful Properties of Tailings of Marine Manganese Nodules and Crusts     

Zhimin Bai  John C. Wiltshire 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(1-2):13-24

ABSTRACT

Marine manganese nodules and crusts, when processed, yield tailings which may be utilized for environmental and economic benefit. The key to the reasonable and effective utilization of these tailings lies in making a systematic appraisal of their composition and properties. This article gives an introduction to the investigation of manganese tailings properties. The tailings have a high iron and/or manganese content, high surface area, high porosity, and fine grain size. Some tailings have a high rare earth element content which is valuable. They may also have high SO₃, arsenic, and uranium contents which are harmful. Depending on the process used to produce the tailings, there will likely be some differences in chemical composition, mineral assemblages, surface area and adsorption capability, pore diameter and volume, density and pH. In assigning potentially beneficial applications for these tailings, these differences should be taken into account to optimize utilization.  相似文献   

On the use of Atterberg limits on marine soils     

Bernard Chassefiere  Andre Monaco 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(2):153-179

Abstract

On the basis of the Atterberg indexes of various sediments collected in the Mediterranean Sea, we select two major parameters indicative of the mechanical behavior of marine soils: the sedimentary facies (i.e., mechanism of deposition expressed by silt content) and the clay mineral association characterized by smectite content in the fraction finer than 2 μm. Activity and real thixotropic ability appear to be particularly important parameters in marine engineering; better values are obtained by a double test operation in distilled and marine water.  相似文献   

Rare Earth Elements Composition and Constraint on the Genesis of the Polymetallic Crusts and Nodules in the South China Sea     

GUAN Yao  SUN Xiaoming  SHI Guiyong  JIANG Xiaodong  LU Hongfeng 《《地质学报》英文版》2017,91(5):1751-1766

The rare earth elements(REE) composition of the polymetallic crusts and nodules obtained from the South China Sea(SCS) were analyzed through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.Results revealed great differences in the REE abundances(∑REE) of the SCS polymetallic crusts and nodules; the crusts show the highest ∑REE, whereas the nodules exhibit the lowest ∑REE. The similarity in their NASC-normalized patterns, the enriched light REE(LREE), the markedly positive Ce anomaly(δCe), and the non-or weakly positive Eu anomaly(δEu), suggest that the polymetallic crusts and nodules are of hydrogenetic origin. Moreover, the REE contents and their relevant parameters are quite different among the various layers of the crusts and nodules, which probably results from the different marginal sea environments and mineral assemblages of the samples. The growth profiles of the SCS polymetallic crusts and nodules reveal the tendency ∑REE and δCe to slightly increase from the outer to the inner layers, suggesting that the growth environments of these samples changed smoothly from an oxidizing to a relatively reducing environment; in addition, the crust ST1 may have experienced a regressive event(sea-level change) during its growth, although the REE composition of the seawater remained relatively stable. On the basis of the regional ∑REE distribution in the SCS crusts and nodules,the samples collected near the northern margin were influenced by terrigenous material more strongly compared with the other samples, and the REE contents are relatively low. Therefore, the special geotectonic environment is a significant factor influencing the abundance of elements, including REE and other trace elements. Compared with the oceanic seamount crusts and deep-sea nodules from other oceans,the SCS polymetallic crusts and nodules exhibit special REE compositions and shale-normalized patterns, implying that the samples are of marginal sea-type Fe-Mn sedimentary deposits, which are strongly affected by the epicontinental environment, and that they grew in a more oxidative seawater environment. This analysis indicates that the oxidized seawater environment and the special nano property of their Fe-Mn minerals enrich the REE adsorption.  相似文献   

宿主免疫功能低下并发肺结核CT表现特征          下载免费PDF全文

余红胜  沈又利  刘孟磊  段潘峰 《CT理论与应用研究》2016,25(2):175-182

目的:研究宿主免疫功能低下并发肺结核的CT影像表现特征。方法:搜集38例免疫功能低下并发肺结核患者的临床及CT影像资料,从病变类型、分布、大小、形态、性质以及淋巴结改变等方面进行分析。结果:免疫功能低下并发肺结核患者的CT影像表现以浸润型肺结核为主,病变广泛分布,主要表现为实变阴影(38/38,100%)、多发性结节(21/38,55%)、空洞(16/38,42.1%)、淋巴结改变(11/38,28.9%),多伴有肺气肿、纤维条索硬化、钙化、支气管狭窄或扩张、胸膜改变等征象。结论:宿主免疫功能低下并发肺结核的CT影像学表现复杂多样、多变,发病部位及CT征象均不典型;病变范围广,多性质病灶共存且易扩展播散,肺受损严重、预后差为其特点。CT检查结合病史及临床资料对明确诊断有积极意义。   相似文献   

Mount Woolnough: the submerged volcano,SE of Sydney,NSW     

A. D. Albani  P. C. Rickwood  J. W. Tayton 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(6):811-818

Part of a larger investigation of the sea bed off Sydney was a study of the extinct submarine volcano Mount Woolnough. It is located approximately 41 km east of Kurnell, NSW, and protrudes 175 m above the sediment cover at depths of approximately ?550 to ?375 m. Volcanic rock, approximately 2.2 km in diameter, is exposed above the sediment sea floor and is much smaller than its magnetic expression (approximately 13 km in diameter). Samples dredged from Mount Woolnough were conglomerates with phosphatic nodules and volcanic fragments set in a fine foraminiferal sediment matrix. Zircons within the mafic fragments yielded a minimum age of 261 Ma.  相似文献   

Evaporation Process in Soil Surface Containing Calcic Nodules on the Northern Loess Plateau of China by Simulated Experiments     

Yuanjun Zhu  Ming'an Shao  Hongbo Shao 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2009,37(11):866-871

Soil containing calcic nodules is widely present on the northern Loess Plateau of China owing to soil genesis under local climate conditions. In most studies, little attention is payed to the effect of calcic nodules on soil evaporation and ecoenvironment, resulting in inaccurate evaporation estimation in this kind of soil and further improper field water management measures and irrigation effects. In this paper, soil column experiments were conducted in order to investigate evaporation process in soil containing calcic nodules and the effect of calcic nodules on soil evaporation was determined. The results indicated that evaporation reduction was positively related to calcic nodule content (CNC = mass of calcic nodules/total mass), and could be estimated by the experiential equation: E_soil = E₀ (1 – 0.4 CNC) (E_soil = actual evaporation, E₀ = theory evaporation in soil without calcic nodules). When CNC was below 0.2, the impact could be neglected. While, as CNC exceeded 0.2, the impact needed to be considered during soil evaporation estimation. As CNC reached 0.5, soil evaporation could be reduced by 7.5 mm, accounting for around 10% of the total soil water. Water balance calculation in soil columns showed that water absorbed by calcic nodules was partially available to evaporation. Water available to evaporation was positively related to CNC, and this water could not exceed 63% of the water absorbed by calcic nodules. Generally, evaporation behavior was dominated by calcic nodule quantity and its water absorption. These results provide new ideas for irrigation measures in arid areas of the globe.  相似文献   

大洋多金属结核同位素地球化学研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘淑琴  宋鹤彬 《地球学报》2000,21(3):273-281

本文对DY85-1航次采自东太平洋海盆“CC”区不同地貌区、不同类型的大洋多金属结核进行了O、C、H、Si等同位素综合研究。结果表明,O同位素变化能反映结核的生成环境、生长速率、物质来源及成矿机理;Si同位素组成特征能帮助推测结核核心物质的来源;C同位素的研究表明,多金属结核成矿作用是在古海洋水变冷的总趋势下进行的;δ13C、δ18O和δD的规律变化,反映了海洋水变冷的周期性和渐变性。  相似文献   

Geotechnical properties of oceanic sediments in polymetallic nodules belts     

Song Lianqing 《海洋学报(英文版)》2000,19(2):57-67

I~IOWOver years POlylnetallic noduleS are considered one of POtential rererces with the most econOAnc value in ocean rererces. MOSt countries have conducted thorOUgh investigations and researcheS in polyTnetallic nodules belts and a vast amount of data have aam collected. These dataprovide bases for cornmercial exploitation Of the polyrnetallic nodules in the future.~echnical properties are very imPOrtant to the selection of mining methods, and affect thedesign and manufacture of ocean…  相似文献