Erosion of strip-mine dumps in la salle county,illinois: Preliminary results     

Martin J. Haigh  William L. Wallace 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1982,7(1):79-84

Direct measurement of slope retreat on three unvegetated slope profiles on unmodified, pre-1939, strip-mine dumps revealed average ground losses ranging from 29 to 33 mm/year. Measured ground losses are twice those estimated from the Universal Soil Loss Equation. Slope length seems less significant than frost action in influencing erosion on these slopes.  相似文献   

长江上游一场典型的人为泥石流     

谢洪  游勇  钟敦伦 《山地学报》1994,(2)

１９９０－０５－３１四川省会理县益门镇炭山沟暴发了一场典型的人为泥石流．其致死３１人、失踪３人、伤２９人，大量工业和民用设施被毁，给益门煤矿造成的直接经济损失达４００万元．这场泥石流主要是沟内的大量采煤弃碴等松散碎屑物质在暴雨的激发下形成的．泥石流体属粘性，容重大，作整体运动，规模大，危害范围大．  相似文献   

The response of drainage basins to the late Quaternary tectonics in the Sicilian side of the Messina Strait (NE Sicily)     

Pierpaolo Guarnieri  Claudia Pirrotta 《Geomorphology》2008,95(3-4):260-273

Despite more than 40 yr of research attributing temporal changes in streambank erosion rates to subaerial processes, little quantitative information is available on the relationships between streambank erodibility (k_d) and critical shear stress (τ_c) and the environmental conditions and processes that enhance streambank erosion potential. The study goal was to evaluate temporal changes in k_d and τ_c from soil desiccation and freeze–thaw cycling. Soil erodibility and τ_c were measured monthly in situ using a multiangle, submerged jet test device. Soil moisture, temperature, and bulk density as well as precipitation, air temperature, and stream stage were measured continuously to determine changes in soil moisture content and state. Pairwise Mann–Whitney tests indicted k_d was 2.9 and 2.1 times higher (p < 0.0065) during the winter (December–March) than in the spring/fall (April–May, October–November) and the summer (June–September), respectively. Regression analysis showed 80% of the variability in k_d was explained by freeze–thaw cycling alone. Study results also indicated soil bulk density was highly influenced by winter weather conditions (r² = 0.86): bulk density was inversely related to both soil water content and freeze–thaw cycling. Results showed that significant changes in the resistance of streambank soils to fluvial erosion can be attributed to subaerial processes. Water resource professionals should consider the implications of increased soil erodibility during the winter in the development of channel erosion models and stream restoration designs.  相似文献   

A modelling approach for estimating suspended sediment concentrations for multiple rivers influenced by agriculture     

Zacharie Sirabahenda  André St-Hilaire  Simon C. Courtenay  Ashley Alberto  Michael R. Van Den Heuvel 《水文科学杂志》2017,62(13):2209-2221

A data-driven model based on an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was tested for the estimation of suspended sediment concentrations within watersheds influenced by agriculture. ANFIS models were developed using different combinations of inputs such as precipitation, streamflow, surface runoff and the watershed vulnerability index. A multi-watershed ANFIS model was also developed combining the datasets from all studied watersheds. The best results were obtained from a combination of precipitation, streamflow and watershed vulnerability index as input variables. Nash-Sutcliffe coefficients were improved for the multi-watershed ANFIS compared to watershed-specific ANFIS models. The introduction of the erosion vulnerability index significantly improved the ability of the ANFIS model to estimate suspended sediment concentrations within the watersheds. Furthermore, the inclusion of this index opens the possibility of using the ANFIS model to investigate the impact of land-use changes on sediment delivery.  相似文献   

Understanding mass fluvial erosion along a bank profile: using PEEP technology for quantifying retreat lengths and identifying event timing          下载免费PDF全文

A. N. Thanos Papanicolaou  Christopher G. Wilson  Achilles G. Tsakiris  Tommy E. Sutarto  Fabienne Bertrand  Massimo Rinaldi  Subhasish Dey  Eddy Langendoen 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2017,42(11):1717-1732

This study provides fundamental examination of mass fluvial erosion along a stream bank by identifying event timing, quantifying retreat lengths, and providing ranges of incipient shear stress for hydraulically driven erosion. Mass fluvial erosion is defined here as the detachment of thin soil layers or conglomerates from the bank face under higher hydraulic shear stresses relative to surface fluvial erosion, or the entrainment of individual grains or aggregates under lower hydraulic shear stresses. We explore the relationship between the two regimes in a representative, US Midwestern stream with semi‐cohesive bank soils, namely Clear Creek, IA. Photo‐Electronic Erosion Pins (PEEPs) provide, for the first time, in situ measurements of mass fluvial erosion retreat lengths during a season. The PEEPs were installed at identical locations where surface fluvial erosion measurements exist for identifying the transition point between the two regimes. This transition is postulated to occur when the applied shear stress surpasses a second threshold, namely the critical shear stress for mass fluvial erosion. We hypothesize that the regimes are intricately related and surface fluvial erosion can facilitate mass fluvial erosion. Selective entrainment of unbound/exposed, mostly silt‐sized particles at low shear stresses over sand‐sized sediment can armor the bank surface, limiting the removal of the underlying soil. The armoring here is enhanced by cementation from the presence of optimal levels of sand and clay. Select studies show that fluvial erosion strength can increase several‐fold when appropriate amounts of sand and clay are mixed and cement together. Hence, soil layers or conglomerates are entrained with higher flows. The critical shear stress for mass fluvial erosion was found to be an order of magnitude higher than that of surface fluvial erosion, and proceeded with higher (approximately 2–4 times) erodibility. The results were well represented by a mechanistic detachment model that captures the two regimes. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

土壤可蚀性模拟研究中的坡长选定问题   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：5  

孔亚平  张科利  杨红丽 《地理科学》2005,25(3):374-378

土壤可蚀性是评价土壤对侵蚀敏感程度的重要指标,是土壤侵蚀预报的重要参数,准确评价土壤可蚀性、建立不同土壤类型的土壤可蚀性K值库具有重要意义。在总结前人研究成果的基础上,运用室内模拟试验、野外模拟降雨试验资料和野外观测小区资料,计算了不同坡长小区的K值,并对坡长对K值的影响加以分析研究。结果表明,坡长较短时,土壤可蚀性随坡长的增加而增大,且变化明显;坡长大于15 m时,K值相对趋于稳定,该结论为K值模拟研究中小区的坡长选择提供了一定的理论依据。  相似文献   

挡墙基底换填对弃土场边坡稳定性影响分析     

肖建宇  谢忠勇  张著伦 《地质灾害与环境保护》2020,(1):81-86

为了研究弃土场边坡挡墙加固中,挡墙基底在不同换填宽度条件下以及在同一宽度条件下不同换填深度对弃土场边坡稳定性的影响。基于有限元强度折减法理论,利用midas GTS有限元软件,依托工程实例建立二维有限元模型。分析了不同换填宽度及换填深度情况下弃土场边坡在暴雨工况下的稳定性系数。研究发现在同一换填宽度条件下,换填深度对边坡稳定性起决定性作用;只有在换填深度达到一定值时,增加换填宽度才对边坡稳定性有提升作用。  相似文献   

Influence of cryptogamic crust disturbance to wind erosion on sand and loam rangeland soils     

John F. Leys  David J. Eldridge 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1998,23(11):963-974

A portable field wind tunnel was used to assess the sediment flux rates of loam and sand textured soils in the Mallee region of southeastern Australia. Three levels of crust disturbance (nil, moderate and severe) simulating stock trampling were investigated. The results demonstrated the importance of cryptogamic crusts in binding the soil surface and providing roughness after the soil was moderately disturbed. On the loamy soil, the crust helped maintain sediment flux rates below the erosion control target to 5 g m⁻¹ s⁻¹ for a 65 km h⁻¹ wind measured at 10 m height. Once the crust was severely disturbed, sediment fluxes increased to 1·6 times the erosion target. On the sandy soil, even with no crust disturbance the sediment flux was 1·6 times the erosion control target. Disturbing the crust increased sediment fluxes to a maximum of 6·7 times the erosion control target. Removal of the crust also decreased the threshold wind velocity that resulted in an increase to the risk of erosion from <5 per cent to 20 per cent. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A GIS-based approach to site vegetated buffer strips for erosion control within an agricultural catchment in southern England     

Cat Hudson  Harold Lovell  Alastair W. Pearson  Martin Schaefer  Philip J. Soar 《水文研究》2024,38(5):e15165

Agricultural soil erosion is largely attributed to arable intensification and increased mechanization. Runoff from arable land and intensively managed grassland transports sediment and contaminants across the landscape and into watercourses, causing crop loss, land degradation, and water quality issues. One low-cost and low-maintenance nature-based mitigation approach is the implementation of vegetated buffer strips (VBS): grassland sited along field margins to trap sediment and contaminants, reducing transportation and diffuse pollution rates. GIS modelling using remotely sensed landscape indices and land parcel data can provide an efficient means of identifying priority areas for intervention at sub-catchment or farm system scales. We develop and test a scalable runoff risk model in the lower Rother catchment, West Sussex. The model uses the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) applied to satellite images as an erodibility proxy and identifies locations along pathways that are conceivably at greatest risk of sediment accumulation and transfer, guided by field observations. We assess current and historical field boundaries near high-risk locations, evaluating the potential capacity of their margins to contribute to runoff risk reduction using an innovative ranking system. Recommendations are made for VBS implementation and the value of historical field boundary and margin restoration is discussed. Our method offers a rapid approach with minimal data requirements to identify high-risk sediment runoff locations and priority sites for intervention. The tool has the potential to guide decision-makers responsible for targeting and implementing soil erosion and runoff control measures such as VBS, while also maximizing agri-environmental and cultural benefits.  相似文献   

Characterizing incipient motion of low fines content soils with varying compositions,water contents,and relative densities     

《国际泥沙研究》2022,37(6):847-856

Laboratory flume experiments were conducted to quantify the effects of the soil characteristics on the critical shear stress of low fines content soil samples collected from the Montauk shores in New York. The collected soils were reconstituted at five different fines contents, ranging between 0 and 20%. These soil mixtures were composed of two initial water contents, dry of optimum and optimum moistures, and two relative densities, one moderate dense and the other dense. The strength indices of the soils, including the effective cohesion and effective angle of internal friction, were measured using the consolidated undrained (CU) triaxial test. The initiation of erosion tests was conducted on the soil mixtures under a unidirectional steady current condition. The near-bed flow velocity, at the onset of erosion, was used to determine the critical velocity and shear stress for each soil sample. The results indicate that the critical shear stress increases with the fines content and effective cohesion. The soils with the optimum initial water contents demonstrate a higher erosion resistance than those with the initial water contents dry of optimum. The higher relative density appears to overshadow the effects of the fines content such that the critical shear stress of the denser soils remains relatively insensitive to the soil composition. The denser soils compacted at the optimum initial water content show the highest resistance against erosion. The critical Shields parameter is modified to include the fines content, relative density, and initial water content.  相似文献