Benthic ecosystem development in an artificial tidal flat constructed from dredged spoil     

Ishii R  Nakano Y  Nakai S  Nishijima W  Okada M 《Marine pollution bulletin》2008,56(12):2059-2066

Dredged spoil (DS) was used as a silt and clay additive in the construction of artificial tidal flats from mountain sand (MS). As the ratio of DS in the sediment media increased, the number of emerging macrobenthos increased. The composition of the macrobenthic community was also affected by the addition of DS, and the changes might be dependent on the ratio of DS to MS. In addition, the macrobenthos in the artificial tidal flats was more abundant than that in the control tidal flat, which was constructed with natural tidal flat sediment. With a silt and clay content of 25%, polychaetes Ceratonereis erythraeensis and Capitella sp. and the gastropod Batillaria cumingii were dominant, whereas no bivalves were present. With less silt and clay (5% and 10%), the bivalves Ruditapes philippinarum and Musculista senhousia were observed in the artificial flats, while their numbers in the control tidal flat were lower.  相似文献   

贵州省六盘水至威宁高速公路弃土场稳定性评估     

沈明祥  罗红明  刘志鹏  穆日盛  彭坤杰 《中国岩溶》2019,38(4):559-564

以贵州省六盘水至威宁高速公路K89+250右侧140 m弃土场为研究对象,通过现场调查和计算分析对弃土场的排水能力、拦渣墙和边坡的稳定性进行了复核和验算,综合评估了弃土场的稳定性。结果表明:弃土场的洪峰流量为0.874 m3· s-1,小于截排水沟的最大泄水能力1.95 m3· s-1;弃土边坡在正常运用条件下的局部稳定性系数为1.404,整体稳定性系数为1.360,在非常运用工况条件下局部稳定性系数为1.303,整体稳定性系数为1.172;拦渣墙的抗滑稳定性大于1.3、抗倾覆稳定性大于1.5,基底应力小于地基承载力250 kPa。因此,弃土场的截排水沟尺寸能够满足弃土场排水要求,不同工况条件下弃土场边坡是稳定的,拦渣墙的抗滑移、抗倾覆及地基承载力均能满足稳定安全要求,建议对覆土边坡进行植草绿化,完善弃土场截排水,以减小坡面水土流失。   相似文献   

Review and Prospect of Tillage Erosion Research     

Haichao Xu  Jianhui Zhang  Jiadong Dai  Yong Wang 《地球科学进展》2019,34(12):1288-1300

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Soil erodibility and processes of water erosion on hillslope   总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14  

Rorke B. Bryan   《Geomorphology》2000,32(3-4)

The importance of the inherent resistance of soil to erosional processes, or soil erodibility, is generally recognized in hillslope and fluvial geomorphology, but the full implications of the dynamic soil properties that affect erodibility are seldom considered. In Canada, a wide spectrum of soils and erosional processes has stimulated much research related to soil erodibility. This paper aims to place this work in an international framework of research on water erosion processes, and to identify critical emerging research questions. It focuses particularly on experimental research on rill and interrill erosion using simulated rainfall and recently developed techniques that provide data at appropriate temporal and spatial scales, essential for event-based soil erosion prediction. Results show that many components of erosional response, such as partitioning between rill and interrill or surface and subsurface processes, threshold hydraulic conditions for rill incision, rill network configuration and hillslope sediment delivery, are strongly affected by spatially variable and temporally dynamic soil properties. This agrees with other recent studies, but contrasts markedly with long-held concepts of soil credibility as an essentially constant property for any soil type. Properties that determine erodibility, such as soil aggregation and shear strength, are strongly affected by climatic factors such as rainfall distribution and frost action, and show systematic seasonal variation. They can also change significantly over much shorter time scales with subtle variations in soil water conditions, organic composition, microbiological activity, age-hardening and the structural effect of applied stresses. Property changes between and during rainstorms can dramatically affect the incidence and intensity of rill and interrill erosion and, therefore, both short and long-term hillslope erosional response. Similar property changes, linked to climatic conditions, may also significantly influence the stability and resilience of plant species and vegetation systems. Full understanding of such changes is essential if current event-based soil erosion models such as WEPP and EUROSEM are to attain their full potential predictive precision. The complexity of the interacting processes involved may, however, ultimately make stochastic modelling more effective than physically based modelling in predicting hillslope response to erodibility dynamics.  相似文献   

An alternative method for interpreting JET erosion test (JET) data: Part 2. Application          下载免费PDF全文

Arman Haddadchi  Calvin W. Rose  Jon M. Olley  Andrew P. Brooks  Joe McMahon  Timothy Pietsch 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2018,43(3):743-754

This paper reports the results of jet tester experiments on soil samples of uniform properties which allow quantitative application of the new theory proposed in part 1 of these publications. This theory explores the possibly that a more adequate indicator of soil erodibility may be obtained by using the mass (and so volume) of soil eroded by the jet and the depth of scour penetration, rather than by using penetration depth alone, as assumed in the commonly‐used data interpretation method. It is shown that scour geometry can be well described using a generalized form of the Gaussian function, defined by its standard deviation and maximum depth. Using a published expression for jet kinetic energy flux, the new theory divides this flux into that used to erode soil, and the remainder which is dissipated in a variety of ways. Jet experiments on a specially‐prepared uniform soil sample are reported which provide the key to determining the spatial variability in the profile resistance to erosion offered by field soils. This resistance is expressed in the work required to erode unit mass of soil, denoted as J (in J/kg). The paper also gives results obtained on the profile variation in J for jet tests carried out at riverine sites on the upper Brisbane River, Queensland, Australia. As expected in most natural soil profiles, the results show an increase in J with depth in the profile. The soil resistance (J) is compared to the traditional interpretation of soil erodibility, (k_d). The graphical comparison of these two indicators illustrates the inverse type of relationship between them which is expected from their respective definitions, but this relationship is associated with significant scatter. Possible reasons for this scatter are given, together with comments on jet tester experience in a wide variety of soil types. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Impact of rainfall pattern on interrill erosion process   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

Bin Wang  Jean Steiner  Fenli Zheng  Prasanna Gowda 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2017,42(12):1833-1846

The impact of rainfall pattern on the interrill erosion process is not fully understood despite its importance. Systematic rainfall simulation experiments involving various rainfall intensities, stages, intensity sequences, and surface cover conditions were conducted in this study to investigate their effects on the interrill erosion process. Five rainfall patterns designed with the same total kinetic energy/precipitation (increasing, decreasing, rising–falling, falling–rising and constant patterns) were randomly delivered to a pre‐wet clay loam soil surface at a 10° slope gradient. Significant differences in soil losses were observed among the different rainfall patterns and stages, but there was no obvious difference in runoff. Kinetic energy flux (KE_r) was a governing factor for interrill erosion, and constant rainfall pattern (CST) produced nine times greater soil loss than runs with no KE_r. Varied‐intensity patterns had a profound effect on raindrop‐induced sediment transport processes; path analysis results indicated that said effect was complex, interactive and intensity‐dependent. Low hydraulic parameter thresholds further indicated that KE_r was the dominant factor in detaching soil particles, while overland flow mainly contributed to transporting the pre‐detached particles. This study not only sheds light on the mechanism of interrill sediment transport capacity and detachability, but also may provide a useful database for developing event‐based interrill erosion prediction models. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Interstorm surface preparation and sediment detachment by vehicle traffic on unpaved mountain roads     

Alan D. Ziegler  Ross A. Sutherland  Thomas W. Giambelluca 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2001,26(3):235-250

Road survey and field rainfall simulation experiments have shown that the erodibility of a road surface is dynamic. In the absence of extreme runoff events, dynamic erodibility results from the generation and removal of easily entrained surface material by human road surface maintenance activities, vehicular detachment and overland flow events. Maintenance activities introduce easily transportable material to the road surface where it can be entrained by overland flow. Traffic in dry conditions detaches material that is quickly removed during subsequent overland flow events. The pre‐storm erodibility of a road is therefore largely a function of maintenance and vehicle activity since the last overland flow event. During rainstorms, vehicle passes increase sediment production by detaching/redistributing surface material and creating efficient overland flow pathways for sediment transport. However, if incision of tracks by overland flow does not occur, post‐pass sediment transport quickly returns to pre‐pass rates. Field rainfall simulation data suggest that sediment transport resulting from during‐storm vehicle passes is greatly influenced by the presence of existing loose material, which again is a function of prior road usage and maintenance activities. Incorporation of vehicular effects into physically based road erosion models may be possible by parameterizing both during‐storm and inter‐storm changes in the supply of loose surface material as changes in surface erodibility. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Erodibility of a mixed mudflat dominated by microphytobenthos and Cerastoderma edule, East Frisian Wadden Sea,Germany     

T.J. Andersen  M. Lanuru  C. van Bernem  M. Pejrup  R. Riethmueller 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2010

Sediment erodibility and a range of physical and biological parameters were measured at an intertidal site in the German Wadden Sea area in June, September and November 2002 and February and April 2003 in order to examine the influence of macrozoobenthos and microphytobenthos on sediment erodibility and the temporal variation. The study site was a mixed mudflat situated in the mesotidal Baltrum–Langeoog tidal basin at the East Frisian barrier coast. The mud content at the site was about 35% and the filter-feeding cockle Cerastoderma edule was the dominating macrozoobenthic species (by biomass). The erodibility of the sediment showed strong temporal variation with high erosion thresholds in spring and late summer and significantly lower thresholds during the rest of the study period. The erosion thresholds were strongly dependent on the contents of chlorophyll a (chl a) and colloidal carbohydrates, both indicators of the content of microphytobenthos, in this environment primarily benthic diatoms. The content of microphytobenthos was high in September 2002 and April 2003, and regression analysis indicated that this was the only likely reason for the low erodibility found at these times. A biostabilisation index of about 4.5 was found for a situation with both abundant biofilms and cockles.  相似文献   

水硒铁石的再次发现及其环境意义     

朱建明  王宁  李社红  尹祚莹  苏宏灿  郑宝山 《地球化学》2007,36(6):628-632

渔塘坝是湖北恩施地区较为典型的人畜硒中毒区之一.继渔塘坝富硒碳质页岩中首次发现水硒铁石矿物之后,又在渔塘坝废弃石灰窑附近的"石煤"废渣表层松散的堆积物中发现了水硒铁石矿物.同前期发现的微小晶体状水硒铁石相比较,此次发现的水硒铁石矿物粒度大小不等,粒径几μm至上百μm.颗粒主要呈他形,以细小颗粒的团聚体、充填岩石裂隙的脉状和颗粒粗大具有一定矿物晶形的方式产出.自然硒也与水硒铁石伴生,或分布在其内部,或分布在其周围.电子探针的成分扫描表明铁、硒的面分布略有差异,主要体现在自然硒的伴生方面.这表明表生氧化条件下硒阳离子与铁氧化物的强烈结合趋势,或形成低溶解度的矿物、或吸附与络合,在硒的表生迁移转化中起着固定硒的重要作用.  相似文献