从眼动实验看地图学实验的哲学意义及作用     

郑束蕾  邓毅博  陈毓芬  李萌 《测绘科学》2015,40(1):28-32

科学活动的哲学三要素包括主体要素、客体要素及工具要素。地图学实验研究作为人类认知世界的科学活动的方式之一,也应该具有以上基本属性。其中,主体要素是制图者和用图者,客体要素是地图,工具要素是各种地图学认知实验方法。文章从哲学角度对地图学实验研究科学活动三要素进行解析,介绍了问卷调查、眼动实验、出声思维等目前常用的各种地图学认知实验方法,并对眼动实验在地图学研究中的作用进行了归纳分析。  相似文献   

基于IHS变换的重力异常与遥感影像融合的构造信息提取研究     

陈圣波  郭鹏举  张莹  刘焱 《世界地质》2015,34(4):1125-1130

本文以深部探测关键仪器装备野外实验与示范基地为例,利用影像融合技术进行地质构造信息的提取。在卫星遥感和重力异常数据空间配准的基础上,利用IHS数据融合方法,将重力异常与ETM+数据进行融合与分析。研究表明:一方面构造形迹在遥感图像及重力异常上的表征是存在差异性的,即其空间分布特征,另一方面通过卫星遥感在地表定位重力异常所反演的地质信息,能够为深部探测仪器装备野外实验选点提供科学的依据。  相似文献   

基于热模拟实验的页岩孔隙连通性与形状系数演化研究及其地质意义     

张宇航  陈尚斌  张瑛堃  李学元  王阳  林威  彭一轩 《地质学报》2023,97(8):2702-2714

富有机质页岩的孔隙演化与页岩气赋存富集关系密切,孔隙连通性与形状演化特征对储集空间精细表征和页岩气赋存机理的揭示具有重要意义。本文对山东半岛北部古近系黄县组低成熟富有机质页岩不同热演化阶段的模拟产物开展低温液氮吸附和扫描电镜实验,并辅以数字图像处理技术分析页岩孔隙连通性和形状系数演化过程。结果表明：① 低成熟阶段,有机孔少量发育,无机孔主要为矿物基质孔;随热演化程度增加,大量近圆形有机孔逐渐形成,少量溶蚀孔和黏土矿物层间孔生成;到过成熟阶段,压实作用导致部分孔隙减小或消失;② 随热演化程度增加,有机孔和无机孔孔径均呈先增大后减小的趋势,孔隙形状系数均呈现近“V”型变化趋势;③ 高温高压导致样品孔隙系统第二个优势孔径峰值变大,表明孔隙系统增加了狭长 裂缝型孔隙,有助于沟通其他类型孔隙,提高孔隙系统的连通性;④ 热演化过程中生成的大量近圆形有机孔能为甲烷提供更多吸附位,生成的黏土矿物层间孔等狭缝型无机孔能够提高孔隙连通性,从而有助于提高页岩气的赋存和运移能力。本研究可为页岩气储层表征与页岩气赋存富集研究提供基础。  相似文献   

道路地图示意性表达的可用性评估     

龚成银  遆鹏  吴昊  蓝天 《测绘通报》2021,(5):81-85

当前示意性地图表达主要针对公共交通网络,缺乏对道路地图示意性表达可用性评估研究。本文选取景区和街道两个典型道路场景,采用最新的自动示意化方法生成示意地图,以主观问卷调查结合客观眼动试验的方式,评估道路地图示意性表达的可用性。试验结果表明:①示意性表达能够提升道路地图的简化度、清晰度及用户满意度,尤其对于原始道路形状较为复杂的情况;②示意地图中路径形状简化会造成不同路径感知长度差异的改变,从而影响到人们路径抉择行为;③对于路径示意性结果增加了道路网密集程度的情况,会降低示意地图认知效率。本文研究成果有助于道路地图自动示意性表达规则完善和方法优化,能够进一步提升地图示意性表达的实用性。  相似文献   

Water percolation process studies in a Mediterranean karst area     

J. Lange  Y. Arbel  T. Grodek  N. Greenbaum 《水文研究》2010,24(13):1866-1879

To investigate processes of water percolation, the drip response of stalactites in a karstic cave below a 143 m² sprinkling plot was measured. The experiment was conducted in Mount Carmel, Israel, at the end of the dry season and intended to simulate a series of two high‐intensity storms on dry and wet soils. In addition to hydrometric measurements (soil moisture, surface runoff, stalactite dripping rates), two types of tracers (electrical conductivity and bromide) were used to study recharge processes, water origin and mixing inside a 28‐m vadose zone. Results suggested that slow, continuous percolation through the rock matrix is of minor importance and that percolating water follows a complicated pattern including vertical and horizontal flow directions. While bromide tracing allowed identification of quick direct flow paths at all drips with maximum flow velocities of 4·3 m/h, mixing analysis suggested that major water fractions were mobilized by piston flow, pushing out water stored in the unsaturated zone above the cave. Under dry preconditions, 80 mm of artificial rainfall applied in less than 7 h was not enough to initiate significant downward water percolation. Most water was required to fill uppermost soil and rock storages. Under wet preconditions during the second day sprinkling, higher water contents in soils and karst cavities facilitated piston flow effects and a more intense response of the cave drips. Results indicate that in Mediterranean karst regions, filling of the unsaturated zone, including soil and rock storages, is an important precondition for the onset of significant water percolation and recharge. This results in a higher seasonal threshold for water percolation than for the generation of surface runoff. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Factors controlling the distribution of transitional metal elements in marine hydrogenic ferromanganese crusts     

JIANG Xuejun）  ）*  YAO De）  LIN Xuehui）    ZHAI Shikui）） College of Geoscience  Ocean University of China  Qingdao  P. R. China ） Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology  China Geological Survey  P. R. China ） College of Georesources  Environmental Engineering  Sh  ong University of Technology  Zibo  P. R. China 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2009,8(1):57-64

A series of selective dissolution experiments were conducted on the hydrogenic ferromanganese crusts collected near Line Island to study the geochemistry of Mn, Fe, Cu, Co, Ni and Ti. Despite of the fact that the very close intergrowth between amorphous ferric oxyhydroxides and δ-MnO2 exists in the hydrogenic ferromanganese crusts, there is no isomorphous substitution between iron and manganese. This is because the two elements in oxides have different crystal chemistry and geochemistry, such assertion bein...  相似文献   

Erosion pattern of artificial gravel deposits   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Fabian Friedl  Volker Weitbrecht  Robert M. Boes 《国际泥沙研究》2018,33(1):57-67

Sediment replenishment with artificial gravel deposits is an option to compensate for sediment deficits in rivers and to improve their ecological conditions. Predicting and quantifying the erosion rate of an artificial gravel deposit is important to successfully perform river restoration projects. Laboratory experiments have been done to investigate the influence of various parameters on the erosion pattern of artificial gravel deposits. In the present paper the effects of deposit geometry, bulk density, grain size distribution, and hydraulic load on the erosion process are described. The temporal evolution of the deposit geometry and the corresponding mean erosion rates were studied. The mean erosion rate increases with deposit height, deposit width, and decreasing grain size. Furthermore, no significant impact of the bulk density was observed. Equations to predict the mean erosion rate are proposed. This investigation helps to determine the design frequency of gravel dumping and deposit volumes for restoration projects.  相似文献   

Bed roughness and grain sorting-an experimental study over fine to medium sand beds     

Barendra Purkait  Dipanjan Das Majumdar  Rajat Mazumder 《国际泥沙研究》2017,32(3)

The relation between grain-size distribution of the bed and in suspension was critically examined under a uniform flow velocity of 50 cm/s over two beds: one of mainly fine sands and the other of medium sands. Two sections – one 2.85 m downstream and the other 6.35 m downstream in the experimental channel-were selected for sampling to study the grain-sorting pattern in the vertical direction along the direction of transport. The shape and type of the grain-size distribution pattern were critically studied with height above the bed. The change in the distribution pattern has been attributed to the change of local bed roughness causing scouring against the protruded relatively coarse grains on the bed. Such trends are important to predict the nature of river bed topography. The sand of Bed-1 initially exhibits a log-skew-Laplace distribution at different heights of suspension. The distribution pattern, however, changes but this changing pattern is not consistent along the upstream side. For Bed-2, which initially exhibits a log-normal distribution, the same pattern persists from the height of suspension at 5 cm up to 20 cm. Such consistency in log-normality is also observed at the downstream points of measurement. It is generally expected that the mean grain-size would reduce with increases of suspension height but the results of the experiments, in some occasions, differ significantly from the gradual fining upward trend. This result has been attributed to local changes of bed roughness arising from the protruded relatively coarse grains causing eddies, scouring, and turbulent phenomena which moves coarse particles higher in suspension adding a coarse tail to the distribution increasing the mean grain-size.  相似文献   

Particle transport mechanics and induced seismic noise in steep flume experiments with accelerometer-embedded tracers     

Florent Gimbert  Brian M. Fuller  Michael P. Lamb  Victor C. Tsai  Joel P. L. Johnson 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2019,44(1):219-241

Recent advances in fluvial seismology have provided solid observational and theoretical evidence that near-river seismic ground motion may be used to monitor and quantify coarse sediment transport. However, inversions of sediment transport rates from seismic observations have not been fully tested against independent measurements, and thus have unknown but potentially large uncertainties. In the present study, we provide the first robust test of existing theory by conducting dedicated sediment transport experiments in a flume laboratory under fully turbulent and rough flow conditions. We monitor grain-scale physics with the use of ‘smart rocks’ that consist of accelerometers embedded into manufactured rocks, and we quantitatively link bedload mechanics and seismic observations under various prescribed flow and sediment transport conditions. From our grain-scale observations, we find that bedload grain hop times are widely distributed, with impacts being on average much more frequent than predicted by existing saltation models. Impact velocities are observed to be a linear function of average downstream cobble velocities, and both velocities show a bed-slope dependency that is not represented in existing saltation models. Incorporating these effects in an improved bedload-induced seismic noise model allows sediment flux to be inverted from seismic noise within a factor of two uncertainty. This result holds over nearly two orders of magnitude of prescribed sediment fluxes with different sediment sizes and channel-bed slopes, and particle–particle collisions observed at the highest investigated rates are found to have negligible effect on the generated seismic power. These results support the applicability of the seismic-inversion framework to mountain rivers, although further experiments remain to be conducted at sediment transport near transport capacity. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

急陡沟道泥石流起动特征模型试验研究——以汶川县福堂沟为例   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李宁  唐川  龚凌枫  杨成长  陈明  甘伟 《地质学报》2020,94(2):634-647

急陡沟道泥石流是汶川震区发现的一类特殊泥石流,调查发现其具有物源量大、侵蚀强烈,冲出规模大等特点,是震区地质灾害治理的难点。本文以汶川县典型急陡沟道泥石流福堂沟为原型,分析了其发育条件和特征,并通过模型试验等手段,还原并分析了急陡沟道泥石流起动及形成的过程,以及相应的土体内部参数变化特征。试验显示在20°、25°、30°的坡度和480mL/s、410mL/s、360mL/s的径流量的试验条件下,泥石流分别以不同的方式起动(沟床侵蚀型、滑坡流态化起动型、消防管起动型),同时结合实验过程中土体内部孔隙水压力及体积含水率变化特征的研究,详细还原了相应的泥石流起动全过程。试验数据的分析结果显示,在不同的起动方式下,土体内部的数据变化表现出不同的特征:其中,不同试验条件下的泥石流起动孔隙水压力呈现出规律性差异,即水槽坡度、径流量越大,泥石流所需的起动力越小;此外,坡度越大,土体所需的饱水时间越长,而在相同坡度下,流速越大,预饱水时间越短;研究还发现,泥石流的爆发时间与沟床坡度呈反比,并且径流量越大,泥石流持续时间也越长。基于实验结果,通过相似理论计算得到的泥石流起动流速,与实际情况一致,表明本的研究结论可为汶川震区急陡沟道泥石流的研究提供参考。  相似文献