Neighbor competition modifies demographic responses of desert dune annuals to gradients in sand stability     

Ronen Kadmon 《Journal of Arid Environments》1997,36(4):557-564

A field experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that competitive interactions affect demographic responses of desert dune annuals to gradients in sand stability. The experiment was based on a three-way factorial design with two types of neighbor treatments (complete neighbor removalvs. control), two types of habitats (stablevs. unstable sands) and two species which characterize sandy areas of the western Negev Desert (Neurada procumbensandBromus fasciculatus). Each of the eight treatment/habitat/species combinations was characterized by three demographic variables: seedling survival to reproduction, fruit number per reproductive plant and fruit number per seedling. All of these variables exhibited significant interactions between the effects of neighbor removal and habitat type, indicating that neighbor conditions were important in determining the observed patterns of demographic variation. Moreover, while plants ofNeurada procumbensgrowing without neighbors suffered more mortality on unstable sands, conspecific plants growing at natural density conditions suffered more mortality on stable sands. In the case ofBromus fasciculatus, individuals growing in the absence of competitive effects produced more fruits on stable sands, but conspecific plants growing at natural density conditions exhibited higher fruit production on unstable sands. These findings indicate that competitive effects not only modify, but may even reverse demographic responses of desert dune annuals to gradients in sand stability. Based on these results and evidence from two other studies it is suggested that seed dispersal from abiotically favorable into less favorable habitats may increase fitness of desert annuals by reducing the average effect of competition.  相似文献   

台湾海峡地区地面风场数值试验和数值模拟     

胡瑞金  刘秦玉 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》1992,(1)

利用修改的一层原始方程模式(Danard模式),对台湾海峡地区地面风场进行了数值试验和数值模拟。首先在一些理想情况下,研究了地面气压场、地形、摩擦和加热对地面风场的影响。指出:地面气压场决定了地面风场的基本分布;摩擦对海陆风速差异有重要作用;地形作用表现为弱的分流和阻流作用,加热作用使风场趋于紊乱。并在东北气流控制下的实际风场进行了数值模拟,效果良好。  相似文献   

Violent breaking wave impacts. Part 1: Results from large-scale regular wave tests on vertical and sloping walls     

G.N. Bullock  C. Obhrai  D.H. Peregrine  H. Bredmose 《Coastal Engineering》2007

As part of an investigation into the detailed characteristics of wave impacts, experimental data are presented for the impact pressures and forces generated by waves up to 1.7 m high breaking onto a vertical wall and a wall inclined at 27° to the vertical. Particular attention is given to the influence of entrained and entrapped air and, by selecting regular wave conditions that produce impacts, trends are identified for highly variable phenomena that could easily be missed when masked by the even greater variability associated with irregular waves.  相似文献   

Experimental studies of mineralogical assemblages of metasedimentary rocks at Earth's mantle transition zone conditions   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

L. F. DOBRZHINETSKAYA  H. W. GREEN 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2007,25(2):83-96

Metasedimentary rocks, a major component of the continental crust, are abundant within ultra‐high pressure (UHP) metamorphic terranes related to continental collisions. The presence of diamond, coesite, and relics of decompressed minerals in these rocks suggests that they were subducted to a depth of more than 150–250 km. Reconnaissance experiments at 9–12 GPa and 1000–1300 °C on compositions corresponding to felsic rocks from diamond‐bearing UHP terranes of Germany and Kazakhstan show that at higher pressures they consist of majoritic garnet, Al‐Na‐rich clinopyroxene, stishovite, solid solution of KAlSi₃O₈‐NaAlSi₃O₈ hollandite, topaz‐OH, and TiO₂ with α‐PbO₂ structure. Comparison of our data with experiments conducted by others at similar P–T conditions shows differences, which are due to variations in bulk chemistry and the type of starting material (gel, oxides, minerals). These differences may affect correct establishment of the ‘point of no return’ of subducted continental lithologies. This paper discusses the implication of the experimental data with regard to naturally existing UHP metamorphic rocks and their significance for our understanding of the deep subduction of continental material.  相似文献   

相山铀矿田特富矿中铀磷关系的模拟实验研究     

刘正义  杜乐天  温志坚 《华东地质学院学报》2007,30(2):101-106

相山铀矿田中磷灰石对生成特富铀矿有着十分重要的作用。在研究特富矿体中含磷矿物的成分及矿物学特征,配合特富铀矿石硅酸盐化学分析结果的矿物计算及对特富铀矿石与蚀变岩、低品位铀矿石的化学成分比较的基础上,结合对铀成矿热液体系下一系列反应方程的热力学计算进行实验模拟。实验模拟的结果表明,氧化还原介质的变化不是磷灰石形成的重要条件,溶液体系中的pH值降低是特富矿形成的重要条件。磷灰石在弱酸性介质中吸附铀构成"铀磷共沉淀"之后,由于磷灰石的结晶,造成"铀、磷分离",从而使铀变得更富。这一研究成果很好地解释了富矿中磷灰石大量存在,而贫矿中磷灰石很少出现的客观地质事实。  相似文献   

Elevated iron and manganese concentrations in groundwater derived from the Holocene transgression in the Hang-Jia-Hu Plain, China     

Huan-Xin Weng  Ya-Chao Qin  Xun-Hong Chen 《Hydrogeology Journal》2007,15(4):715-726

Groundwater in the Hang-Jia-Hu Plain, eastern China, is a drinking water source for local residents. Groundwater samples were collected from large-diameter hand-dug wells and boreholes for comparison of their iron and manganese concentrations, as well as other ions. The results show that iron and manganese concentrations are relatively high, exceeding drinking water standards by several times. Aquifer sediment samples contain abundant iron (30,790 mg kg⁻¹) and manganese (602 mg kg⁻¹). The results of correspondence factor analysis of the hydrochemistry data and the liberation experiments (using seawater and rainwater as leachants) suggest that iron and manganese in shallow groundwater come from the sediment in the Holocene aquifer. A reductive environment involving relatively high total dissolved solids and organic carbon in the aquifer system is favorable to iron and manganese transferring from the sediment to groundwater and stabilizes these ions. Shallow, large-diameter hand-dug wells provide oxic conditions that decrease the concentrations of dissolved iron and manganese in the well water.

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Résumé Dans la Plaine de Hang-Jia-Hu, à l’Est de la Chine, les eaux souterraines constituent une ressource en eau potable pour les autochtones. Des échantillons d’eau souterraine ont été prélevés dans des puits de large diamètre creusés manuellement et dans des forages, afin de confronter leurs concentrations en fer, manganèse et autres ions. Les résultats montrent des concentrations en fer et manganèse relativement hautes, souvent au-delà des limites de potabilité. Les échantillons de sédiments de l’aquifère contiennent des quantités abondantes de fer (30,790 mg kg⁻¹) et de manganèse (602 mg kg⁻¹). Les résultats de l’analyse factorielle de correspondance des données hydrochimiques et des tests de libération (utilisant l’eau de mer et l’eau de pluie comme vecteurs) suggèrent que le fer et le manganèse contenus dans les aquifères superficiels proviennent des sédiments de l’aquifère holocène. Un environnement réducteur, impliquant une quantité élevée de solides dissous et de carbone organique dans le système aquifère, est favorable à un transfert du fer et du manganèse depuis les sédiments vers les eaux souterraines, et stabilise les ions considérés. Les puits peu profonds, de large diamètre et creusés à la main créent des conditions oxydantes qui abaissent les concentrations en fer et manganèse dissous dans l’eau du puits.

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Resumen El agua subterránea en la Llanura de Hang-Jia-Hu, al este de China, es una fuente de agua potable para los residentes locales. Las muestras de agua subterránea fueron recogidas en pozos de gran diámetro excavados a mano y en pozos barrenados con el objeto de comparar las concentraciones de hierro y manganeso, y también las de otros iones. Los resultados muestran que las concentraciones de hierro y manganeso son relativamente altas, excediendo varias veces los límites para agua potable. Las muestras de sedimentos tomadas del acuífero contienen abundante hierro (30,790 mg kg⁻¹) y manganeso (602 mg kg⁻¹). Los resultados del análisis de correspondencia de los datos hidroquímicos y experimentos de liberación (usando agua de mar y agua de lluvia como lixiviantes) sugieren que los iones hierro y manganeso en las aguas subterráneas someras provienen de los sedimentos acuíferos del Holoceno. Un ambiente reductor que contiene relativamente alta cantidad de sólidos totales disueltos y carbono orgánico en el sistema acuífero es favorable para la transferencia de hierro y manganeso desde los sedimentos al agua subterránea y para estabilizar estos iones. Los pozos poco profundos, de gran diámetro, excavados a mano, suministran condiciones de oxidación que disminuyen las concentraciones de hierro y manganeso disueltos en el agua del pozo.

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Experimental investigations into processes controlling stream and hyporheic temperatures,Fryxell Basin,Antarctica     

Karen Cozzetto  Diane McKnight  Thomas Nylen  Andrew Fountain 《Advances in water resources》2006

Glacial meltwater streams in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica exhibit daily cycles in temperature with maxima frequently reaching 10–15 °C, often 10 °C above air temperatures. Hydrologic and biogeochemical processes occurring in these streams and their hyporheic zones strongly influence the flux of water, solutes, and sediment to the ice-covered lakes on the valley bottoms. The purpose of this study was to identify the dominant processes controlling water temperature in these polar desert streams and to investigate in particular the role of hyporheic exchange. In order to do this, we analyzed stream temperature patterns on basin-wide, longitudinal, and reach scales. In the basin-wide study, we examined stream temperature monitoring data for seven streams in the Lake Fryxell Basin. For the longitudinal study, we measured temperatures at seven sites along a 5-km length of Von Guerard Stream.  相似文献   

Software framework for distributed experimental–computational simulation of structural systems     

Yoshikazu Takahashi  Gregory L. Fenves 《地震工程与结构动力学》2006,35(3):267-291

Supported by the recent advancement of experimental test methods, numerical simulation, and high‐speed communication networks, it is possible to distribute geographically the testing of structural systems using hybrid experimental–computational simulation. One of the barriers for this advanced testing is the lack of flexible software for hybrid simulation using heterogeneous experimental equipment. To address this need, an object‐oriented software framework is designed, developed, implemented, and demonstrated for distributed experimental–computational simulation of structural systems. The software computes the imposed displacements for a range of test methods and co‐ordinates the control of local and distributed configurations of experimental equipment. The object‐oriented design of the software promotes the sharing of modules for experimental equipment, test set‐ups, simulation models, and test methods. The communication model for distributed hybrid testing is similar to that used for parallel computing to solve structural simulation problems. As a demonstration, a distributed pseudodynamic test was conducted using a client–server approach, in which the server program controlled the test equipment in Japan and the client program performed the computational simulation in the United States. The distributed hybrid simulation showed that the software framework is flexible and reliable. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

中尺度气象学研究与中国气象科学研究院          下载免费PDF全文

周秀骥 《应用气象学报》2006,17(6):665-671

近50年来, 中尺度气象学研究一直是中国气象科学研究院的首要课题。早在1963年, 中国气象科学研究院就开始参与主持国内首次长江三角洲地区中尺度气象学试验。此后, 又先后主持了“京津冀灾害性天气监测和超短期预报基地” (1986—1990年)、“海峡两岸及邻近地区暴雨试验研究” (1997—2003年)、“我国重大天气灾害形成机理与预测研究” (1998—2003年) 以及“我国南方致洪暴雨监测与预测的理论和方法研究” (2004—2009年) 等国家重大科技项目。在这些项目中, 中国气象科学研究院与有关单位密切合作, 独立自主地完成了数字天气雷达系统、多普勒天气雷达系统、车载多普勒天气雷达系统、风廓线雷达系统、全自动扫描双通道微波辐射计、自动气象站网、中尺度气象资料自动收集、处理、分析及显示集成系统等研制工作, 并且研制发展了中尺度非静力大气数值预报模式。利用现代中尺度大气探测网, 组织实施了多次中尺度暴雨等大气综合观测试验, 取得了丰富的中尺度观测资料, 为我国中尺度气象发展奠定重要的科学与技术基础, 做出了重大贡献, 先后获得了16项国家科技奖励。  相似文献   

我国南方暴雨的试验与研究   总被引：28，自引：4，他引：28       下载免费PDF全文

倪允琪周秀骥  张人禾王鹏云 仪清菊 《应用气象学报》2006,17(6):690-704

50年以来, 中国气象科学研究院几代科学家致力于暴雨研究, 取得了令人瞩目的成就, 尤其是最近10年, 中国气象科学研究院主持了3个国家级研究项目开展我国南方暴雨研究, 其中包括华南前汛期暴雨的试验与研究, 长江中下游梅雨锋暴雨的试验与研究以及目前正在实施的研究范围更为广泛的我国南方致洪暴雨的试验与研究。通过上述项目的实施, 在华南前汛期暴雨与长江流域梅雨锋暴雨的三维结构、形成机理、遥感监测与探测中尺度暴雨的理论和方法以及自主发展配有三维同化系统的中尺度暴雨数值模式系统等方面均取得重要的研究成果, 有的已经在我国各级业务部门推广应用, 取得良好的经济与社会效益。目前正在实施的国家973项目, 针对引发我国南方致洪暴雨的β-中尺度强对流天气系统开展更为深入的试验与研究, 通过这些努力, 有望在提高我国暴雨的监测与预报、预警能力, 增强我国减灾防灾的总体实力做出更为重要的贡献。  相似文献