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41.
Dam overtopping risk assessment considering inspection program 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
Jan-Tai Kuo Yung-Chia Hsu Yeou-Koung Tung Keh-Chia Yeh Jian-De Wu 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2008,22(3):303-313
Safety inspection of large dams in Taiwan is conducted every 5 years. The practice does not take into consideration uncertainty
of dam conditions. The goal of this study is to determine the optimal dam inspection interval under the consideration of overtopping
risk incorporating uncertainty gate availability. In earlier studies, assessment of overtopping risk only considered the uncertainties
in reservoir properties and natural randomness of hydrologic events without giving much thought to the availability of spillway
gates. As a result, the overtopping risk could be underestimated. In this study, an innovative concept is proposed to evaluate
dam overtopping by taking into account spillway gate availability. The framework consists of three parts: (1) evaluation of
conditional overtopping risk for different numbers of malfunctioning spillway gates; (2) evaluation of spillway gate availability;
and (3) dam inspection scheduling. Furthermore, considerations are given to overtopping risk, inspection cost, and dam break
cost for determining the optimal inspection schedule. The methodology is applied to the Shihmen Reservoir in Taiwan and to
evaluate its time-dependent overtopping risk. Results show that overtopping risk considering the availability of the spillway
gates is higher than the one without considering the availability of the spillway gates. 相似文献
42.
以黄河三门峡地区为研究对象,构建适用于流域尺度植被生态用水估算的生态水文模型,对三门峡地区20世纪50年代以来植被生态用水量进行了定量模拟,得到研究区植被生态用水时空结构差异.在此基础上,对三门峡地区不同植被类型绿水资源消耗效用进行了分析,提出该区域植被结构调整方案.结果表明:三门峡地区植被生态用水量自20世纪50年代以来,由于气候和土地利用状况的变化,总体呈现出降低-稳定-上升的趋势;生态用水空间结构主要表现在不同植被类型下生态用水量差异上:林地最大,其次为农作物、灌丛,草地最小;林地高效消耗比例最大,其次为草地和灌丛,农用地最小.基于不同植被类型绿水资源消耗效用分析,提出三门峡地区植被结构调整方案.在一定水资源消耗量状况下,减少无效和低效消耗量,增加高效消耗量,是缓解该地区生产、生活、生态用水矛盾,提高总体生态效益的重要途径. 相似文献
43.
Modelling blue and green water resources availability in Iran 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Knowledge of the internal renewable water resources of a country is strategic information which is needed for long‐term planning of a nation's water and food security, among many other needs. New modelling tools allow this quantification with high spatial and temporal resolution. In this study we used the program Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in combination with the Sequential Uncertainty Fitting program (SUFI‐2) to calibrate and validate a hydrologic model of Iran based on river discharges and wheat yield, taking into consideration dam operations and irrigation practices. Uncertainty analyses were also performed to assess the model performance. The results were quite satisfactory for most of the rivers across the country. We quantified all components of the water balance including blue water flow (water yield plus deep aquifer recharge), green water flow (actual and potential evapotranspiration) and green water storage (soil moisture) at sub‐basin level with monthly time‐steps. The spatially aggregated water resources and simulated yield compared well with the existing data. The study period was 1990–2002 for calibration and 1980–1989 for validation. The results show that irrigation practices have a significant impact on the water balances of the provinces with irrigated agriculture. Concerning the staple food crop in the country, 55% of irrigated wheat and 57% of rain‐fed wheat are produced every year in water‐scarce regions. The vulnerable situation of water resources availability has serious implications for the country's food security, and the looming impact of climate change could only worsen the situation. This study provides a strong basis for further studies concerning the water and food security and the water resources management strategies in the country and a unified approach for the analysis of blue and green water in other arid and semi‐arid countries. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
44.
45.
Testing a spatially distributed tracer‐aided runoff model in a snow‐influenced catchment: Effects of multicriteria calibration on streamwater ages 下载免费PDF全文
Thea I. Piovano Doerthe Tetzlaff Pertti Ala‐aho Jim Buttle Carl P. J. Mitchell Chris Soulsby 《水文研究》2018,32(20):3089-3107
Integrating stable isotope tracers into rainfall‐runoff models allows investigation of water partitioning and direct estimation of travel times and water ages. Tracer data have valuable information content that can be used to constrain models and, in integration with hydrometric observations, test the conceptualization of catchment processes in model structure and parameterization. There is great potential in using tracer‐aided modelling in snow‐influenced catchments to improve understanding of these catchments' dynamics and sensitivity to environmental change. We used the spatially distributed tracer‐aided rainfall‐runoff (STARR) model to simulate the interactions between water storage, flux, and isotope dynamics in a snow‐influenced, long‐term monitored catchment in Ontario, Canada. Multiple realizations of the model were achieved using a combination of single and multiple objectives as calibration targets. Although good simulations of hydrometric targets such as discharge and snow water equivalent could be achieved by local calibration alone, adequate capture of the stream isotope dynamics was predicated on the inclusion of isotope data in the calibration. Parameter sensitivity was highest, and most local, for single calibration targets. With multiple calibration targets, key sensitive parameters were still identifiable in snow and runoff generation routines. Water ages derived from flux tracking subroutines in the model indicated a catchment where runoff is dominated by younger waters, particularly during spring snowmelt. However, resulting water ages were most sensitive to the partitioning of runoff sources from soil and groundwater sources, which was most realistically achieved when isotopes were included in the calibration. Given the paucity of studies where hydrological models explicitly incorporate tracers in snow‐influenced regions, this study using STARR is an important contribution to satisfactorily simulating snowpack dynamics and runoff generation processes, while simultaneously capturing stable isotope variability in snow‐influenced catchments. 相似文献
46.
RJM Crawford RM Randall TR Cook PG Ryan BM Dyer R Fox 《African Journal of Marine Science》2016,38(3):373-383
Numbers of Cape cormorants Phalacrocorax capensis breeding in South Africa decreased by nearly 50% from approximately 107 000 pairs in 1977–1981 to 57 000 pairs in 2010–2014. Although four colonies had >10 000 pairs in 1977–1981, there was just one such colony in 2010–2014. Almost all the decrease occurred after the early 1990s off north-west South Africa, between the Orange River estuary and Dassen Island. South of this, the number breeding in the two periods was stable, with some colonies being formed or growing rapidly in the 2000s. The proportion of South Africa’s Cape cormorants that bred south of Dassen Island increased from 35% in 1977–1981 to 66% in 2010–2014, with the opposite situation observed in the north-west. This matched a shift to the south and east in the distributions of two of the Cape cormorant’s main prey species, anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus and sardine Sardinops sagax. In 2014, an apparent scarcity of prey in the north-west resulted in Cape cormorants attempting to take bait from hooks of fishing lines over an extended period, a behaviour not previously recorded. The number of Cape cormorants breeding in the south may be constrained by the absence of large islands between Dyer Island in the west and Algoa Bay in the east. If so, it may be possible to bolster the southern population through the provision of appropriate breeding habitat, such as platforms, or restricting human disturbance at suitable mainland cliff breeding sites. 相似文献
47.
在实现BDS/GPS/GLONASS组合精密单点定位的基础上,模拟多种遮挡环境;利用3个MGEX测站的数据进行三系统组合PPP试验;并在可见卫星数、PDOP值、定位精度、收敛时间和定位可用性等方面与GPS单系统PPP进行了比较分析。结果表明:在亚太地区,相比于GPS单系统PPP,三系统组合PPP可见卫星数增加了2~3倍,PDOP值显著减小。动态试验中,在无遮挡环境下,三系统组合PPP相较于GPS PPP收敛时间更短,且收敛后定位精度更高;在遮挡环境下,GPS PPP性能急剧下降,三系统组合PPP较好的保证了定位精度,提高了系统定位可用性。 相似文献
48.
通过定位精度测试、可用性测试和兼容性测试,本文分析评估了HLJCORS的实时和事后定位精度、空间可用性、时间可用性以及兼容性。测试表明,HLJCORS测试精度均达到或优于设计要求,可为黑龙江省建立统一的现代化测绘基准提供重要支撑。 相似文献
49.
50.
在野外调查的基础上,收集了围填工程海域的气象、水文、地质资料,详细论述了围填区的水动力条件、地质地貌与泥沙运动情况,分析了围填工程对周边设施的影响,得出了围填工程在自然条件下可行的结论。 相似文献