Morphology and propagation styles of Miocene submarine basanite lavas at Stanley, northwestern Tasmania, Australia   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Yoshihiko Goto  Jocelyn McPhie 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2004,130(3-4):307-328

Miocene submarine basanite pillows, lava lobes, megapillows and sheet lavas in the Stanley Peninsula, northwestern Tasmania, Australia, are well-preserved in three dimensions. The pillows have ropy wrinkles, transverse wrinkles, symmetrical wrinkles, contraction cracks and three types of spreading cracks on their surfaces, and concentric and radial joints in the interior. The lava lobes have ropy wrinkles and contraction cracks on their surfaces. The megapillows are cylindrical with a smoothly curved upper surface and steep sides, and are characterized by distinct radial columnar joints in the interior. They are connected to pillows that propagate radially from its basal margin. The sheet lavas are tabular and have vertical columnar joints in the interior. The largest sheet lava shows a remarkable gradation from a lower 5-m-thick pillow facies to an upper massive facies. The pillows, lava lobes, megapillows and sheet lavas are inferred to have been emplaced completely below sea level but in a shallow marine environment. Their morphological features suggest that the pillows grew by episodic rupture of a near-solid crust and emergence of hot lava, whereas the lava lobes propagated by continuous stretching of the outer skin at the flow front. The megapillows and sheet lavas were master feeder channels by which molten lava was conveyed to the advancing pillows. The sheet lavas propagated by repeated processes of pillow formation and overriding by an upper massive part. Alternating pillow and massive facies commonly found in ocean-floor drill cores and exposed in cross-section in many subaqueous volcanic successions may have formed by propagation of pillows from the basal margins of advancing sheet lavas.  相似文献   

The emplacement of pahoehoe lavas on Kilauea and in the Deccan Traps     

H. C. Sheth 《Journal of Earth System Science》2006,115(6):615-629

There is a growing interest in deciphering the emplacement and environmental impact of flood basalt provinces such as the Deccan, India. Observations of active volcanism lead to meaningful interpretations of now-extinct volcanic systems. Here, I illustrate and discuss the morphology and emplacement of the modern and active lava flows of Kilauea volcano in Hawaii, and based on them, interpret the compound pahoehoe lavas of the Deccan Traps. The latter are vastly larger (areally extensive and voluminous) than Kilauea flows, and yet, their internal architecture is the same as that of Kilauea flows, and even the sizes of individual flow units often identical. Many or most compound flows of the Deccan Traps were emplaced in a gentle, effusive, Kilauea-like fashion. Bulk eruption rates for the Deccan province are unknown, and were probably high, but the local eruption rates of the compound flows were no larger than Kilauea’s. Large (≥ 1000 km³) individual compound pahoehoe flows in the Deccan could have been emplaced at Kilauea-like local eruption rates (1 m³/sec per metre length of fissure) in a decade or less, given fissures of sufficient length (tens of kilometres), now exposed as dyke swarms in the province.  相似文献   

Emplacement of subaerial pahoehoe lava sheet flows into water: 1990 Kūpaianaha flow of Kilauea volcano at Kaimū Bay, Hawai`i     

Susumu Umino  Miyuki Nonaka  Jim Kauahikaua 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2006,69(2):125-139

Episode 48 of the ongoing eruption of Kilauea, Hawai`i, began in July 1986 and continuously extruded lava for the next 5.5 years from a low shield, Kūpaianaha. The flows in March 1990 headed for Kalapana and inundated the entire town under 15–25 m of lava by the end of August. As the flows advanced eastward, they entered into Kaimū Bay, replacing it with a plain of lava that extends 300 m beyond the original shoreline. The focus of our study is the period from August 1 to October 31, 1990, when the lava buried almost 406,820 m² of the 5-m deep bay. When lava encountered the sea, it flowed along the shoreline as a narrow primary lobe up to 400 m long and 100 m wide, which in turn inflated to a thickness of 5–6 m. The flow direction of the primary lobes was controlled by the submerged delta below the lavas and by damming up lavas fed at low extrusion rates. Breakout flows through circumferential and axial inflation cracks on the inflating primary lobes formed smaller secondary lobes, burying the lows between the primary lobes and hiding their original outlines. Inflated flow lobes eventually ruptured at proximal and/or distal ends as well as mid-points between the two ends, feeding new primary lobes which were emplaced along and on the shore side of the previously inflated lobes. The flow lobes mapped with the aid of aerial photographs were correlated with daily observations of the growing flow field, and 30 primary flow lobes were dated. Excluding the two repose periods that intervened while the bay was filled, enlargement of the flow field took place at a rate of 2,440–22,640 square meters per day in the bay. Lobe thickness was estimated to be up to 11 m on the basis of cross sections of selected lobes measured using optical measurement tools, measuring tape and hand level. The total flow-lobe volume added in the bay during August 1–October 31 was approximately 3.95 million m³, giving an average supply rate of 0.86 m³/s.  相似文献   

甘肃南祁连党河南山奥陶纪火山岩的岩石地球化学特征          下载免费PDF全文

冯备战 《甘肃地质》2006,15(2):15-19

甘肃南祁连褶皱带党河南山早奥陶纪火山岩主要赋存于吾力沟群中。地球化学研究结果表明,本区火山岩由基性火山岩和中性火山岩组成,基性火山岩分属拉斑玄武岩和钙碱性玄武岩,而中性火山岩则属钙碱性安山岩。它们均具有低TiO2、MgO,选择性富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Th、Ba、Sr)和轻稀土元素(La、Ce、Sm),具有较高的高价大阳离子比值和Nb的强烈亏损,岩石学和地球化学特征表明本区火山岩形成于岛弧环境。  相似文献   

碎斑熔岩在黑矿型矿床成矿作用中的地位   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

李智佩  彭礼贵 《西北地质科学》1998,19(1):59-67

白银矿田火山碎屑岩及赋矿岩石的深入研究表明,该地区存在一种长英质侵出相火山岩——碎斑熔岩。其主要特征是：①产于矿田酸性火山岩穹的火山活动中心或古火山喷口位置,代表中酸性火山作用晚期岩浆活动的产物,其典型者如折腰山石英角斑质碎斑熔岩体,规模为2×0．5km2,有次火山相石英钠长斑岩和各种火山碎屑岩如晶屑凝灰岩、集块岩及熔岩等分布在其四周;②碎斑熔岩中碎斑为长石和石英,具破而不碎、碎而不离或离而不远的特征,③基质具霏细结构,但多数已发生绢云母化、绿泥石化和黄铁矿化等;④岩石化学上同该地区喷出相石英角斑岩相当,SiO2均大于70ωB％,具有较高的Al2O3含量和Na2O／K2O值,分别为11．16～14．90和1．78～7．43,具I型与S型的混合型特征,⑤稀土元素配分型式具平坦型和富集型两种,分别与白银矿田东西两段酸性火山岩成因类型相对应,微量元素地球化学研究表明碎斑熔岩与区内石英角斑岩属同源岩浆的衍生物．海相火山岩中碎斑熔岩的确立,不仅增加了海相火山作用形式,即便出作用,而且因其占据火山活动中心或岩浆通道位置,在成岩或火山作用期后便成为海底热液对流循环成矿作用中心即热液喷流口．它既标志着黑矿型块状硫化物矿床成矿的相对时期,是在火山作用晚期侵出相碎斑熔  相似文献   

内蒙白旗地区火山碎斑熔岩矿物红外光谱特征研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

赖绍聪  隆平 《西北地质》1997,18(3):1-7

正镶白旗碎斑熔岩和花岗斑岩中钾长石主要为高正长石和低透长石，有序度低，反映了白旗火山岩形成温度较高，钾长石有序度具明显的变化规律，反映了各相带岩石形成环境的差异性。各相带中石英的红外光谱反映了与钾长石相同的温度变化规律；岩石中锆石主要以晶质锆石为主；磁铁矿的红外光谱特征则表明碎斑熔岩形成于高氧化条件的侵出相环境。  相似文献   

Groundwater discharge into lakes: A review of recent studies with particular regard to large saline lakes in central Asia   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

I. S. Zekster 《International Journal of Salt Lake Research》1995,4(3):233-249

Groundwater discharge into lakes is one of the least studied components of their water and salt balance. Yet groundwater inflow determines in many cases the hydrochemical, thermal and hydrobiological regimes of lakes and affects the process of sediment accumulation. Modern methods for quantitatively assessing groundwater discharge into lakes are considered. The results of studies of the groundwater contribution to the water and salt balance of Lakes Baikal, Balkhash, Issyk-Kul, the Caspian Sea and some other lakes are given. International experience in studying ground and lake water interaction is briefly characterized.  相似文献   

Distribution of thermal areas on an active lava flow field: Landsat observations of Kilauea,Hawaii, July 1991     

Luke P. Flynn  Peter J. Mouginis-Mark  Keith A. Horton 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1994,56(4):284-296

A Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) image acquired on 23 July 1991 recorded widespread activity associated with the Episode 48 of the Pu'u 'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. The scene contains a very large number (>3500) of thermally elevated near infrared (0.8–2.35 m) pixels (each 900 m²), which enable the spatial distribution of volcanic activity to be identified. This activity includes a lava lake within Pu'u 'O'o cone, an active lava tube system (7.9 km in length) with skylights between the Kupaianaha lava shield and several ocean entry points, and extensive active surface flows (total area of 1.3 km²) within a much larger area of cooling flows (total16 km²). The production of an average flux density map from the TM data of the flow field, wherein the average flux density is defined in units of Wm^-2, allows for the chronology of emplacement of active and cooling flows to be determined. The flux density map reveals that there were at least three breakouts (>5000 Wm^-2) feeding active flows, but on the day that the data were collected the TM recorded a waning phase of surface activity in this area, based on the relatively large amount of intermediate power-emitting (cooling) flows compared to high power-emitting (active) flows. The production of a comparable flux density map for future eruptions would aid in the assessment of volcanic hazards if the data were available in near-real time.  相似文献   

陆上中基性基性熔岩流单元剖面结构相模式初探   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

董冬  杨申镳 《地质论评》1993,39(1):9-16

熔岩是地层剖面中常见的岩石类型,在我国东部中新生代陆相断坳型含油气盆地中,通常形成良好的油气储层。本文在详细研究山东昌潍坳陷下第三系厚层中基性熔岩流复合体岩心基础上,认识到一个完整的陆上熔岩流单元在剖面上通常具备“五段式”结构,即由下向上依次由A、B、C、D、E岩相段组成。分别建立了原生、风化及沉降3种熔岩流单元相模式,并提出通过绘制气孔含量曲线识别熔岩流复合体中熔岩流单元及单元中各岩相带的方法。从而不仅与传统的“三带”、“四带”认识相比更加先进,而且对火山岩油气储层特征研究、垂向模式建立以及测井资料地质解释等具新的指导意义。  相似文献   

Factors controlling the lengths of channel-fed lava flows     

Harry Pinkerton  Lionel Wilson 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1994,56(2):108-120

Factors which control lava flow length are still not fully understood. The assumption that flow length as mainly influenced by viscosity was contested by Walker (1973) who proposed that the length of a lava flow was dependent on the mean effusion rate, and by Malin (1980) who concluded that flow length was dependent on erupted volume. Our reanalysis of Malin's data shows that, if short duration and tube-fed flows are eliminated, Malin's Hawaiian flow data are consistent with Walker's assertion. However, the length of a flow can vary, for a given effusion rate, by a factor of 7, and by up to 10 for a given volume. Factors other than effusion rate and volume are therefore clearly important in controlling the lengths of lava flows. We establish the relative importance of the other factors by performing a multivariate analysis of data for recent Hawaiian lava flows. In addition to generating empirical equations relating flow length to other variables, we have developed a non-isothermal Bingham flow model. This computes the channel and levee width of a flow and hence permits the advance rates of flows and their maximum cooling-limited lengths for different gradients and effusion rates to be calculated. Changing rheological properties are taken into account using the ratio of yield strength to viscosity; available field measurements show that this varies systematically from the vent to the front of a lava flow. The model gives reasonable agreement with data from the 1983–1986 Pu'u Oo eruptions and the 1984 eruption of Mauna Loa. The method has also been applied to andesitic and rhyolitic lava flows. It predicts that, while the more silicic lava flows advance at generally slower rates than basaltic flows, their maximum flow lengths, for a given effusion rate, will be greater than for basaltic lava flows.  相似文献