Origin of the salt valleys in the Canyonlands section of the Colorado Plateau: Evaporite-dissolution collapse versus tectonic subsidence     

F. Gutirrez 《Geomorphology》2004,57(3-4):423-435

The salt valleys over the axis of the salt-cored anticlines in the Paradox fold and fault belt (Canyonlands, Utah and Colorado) are created by subsidence of the anticline crests. Traditionally, the collapse of the anticlinal crests was attributed to dissolution of the salt walls (diapirs) forming the anticline cores. Recent studies based on scaled physical models and field observations propose that the salt valleys are a result of regional extension and that salt dissolution had only a minor influence in the development of the axial depressions. This paper presents several arguments and lines of evidence that refute the tectonic model and support the salt dissolution subsidence interpretation.The development of contractional structures in salt dissolution experiments led the advocates of the tectonic interpretation to reject the dissolution-induced subsidence explanation. However, these salt dissolution models do not reproduce the karstification of salt walls in a realistic way, since their analog involves removal of salt from the base of the diapirs during the experiments. Additionally, numerous field examples and laboratory models conducted by other authors indicate that brittle subsidence in karst settings is commonly controlled by subvertical gravity faults.Field evidence against the regional extension model includes (1) a thick cap rock at the top of the salt walls, (2) the concentration of subsidence deformation structures along the crest of the anticlines (salt walls), (3) deformational structures not consistent with the proposed NNE extension, like crestal synforms and NE–SW grabens, (4) dissolution-induced subsidence structures controlled by ring faulting, revealing deep-seated dissolution, (5) large blocks foundered several hundred meters into the salt wall, (6) evidence of recent and active dissolution subsidence, and (7) the aseismic nature of the recently active collapse faults. Although underground salt dissolution seems to be the main cause for the generation of the salt valleys, this phenomenon may have been favored by regional extension tectonics that enhance the circulation of groundwater and salt dissolution.  相似文献   

黄土震陷灾害典型震例的综合研究   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6       下载免费PDF全文

张振中  张冬丽  刘红玫 《地震工程学报》2005,27(1):36-41,46

阐述了1995年甘肃永登5.8级地震时造成的黄土震陷灾害形成条件、震害形态特征、黄土的基本性质及湿陷性和静、动土力学参数与震陷灾害的成因关系。并用震陷量预测计算方法和三维有限元数值模拟方法检验了黄土震陷灾害预测的理论、方法并解释了永登5.8 级地震黄土震陷现象。  相似文献   

The historical Saklei Shuyinj and Chateboi Glacier Dams as triggers for lake outburst cascades in the Karambar Valley, Hindukush     

Lasafam  Iturrizaga 《Island Arc》2005,14(4):389-399

Abstract   Since the mid-nineteenth century, devastating glacier lake outbursts have occurred in the Karambar Valley. The exact source areas of these floods are to date unknown. The present study uses geomorphologic field evidence and interviews of local inhabitants to reconstruct nine potential glacier dams in the Karambar Valley within a horizontal distance of only 40 km. The article focuses on the geomorphologic reconstruction of the highest glacier dams, the Chateboi and Saklei Shuyinj Glaciers. Their lake basins were connected in former times resulting in a complex interfingering of lake sediments, lake terraces and glacial deposits. The outbursts of these lakes could have triggered the drainage of one of the lower ice-dammed lakes (Sokther Rabot, Chillinji, Warghut or Karambar) and therefore initiated an outburst cascade in the upper Karambar Valley. Successive glacier dams are wide spread in the Karakoram, and cascading lakes might have also played a role in other lake outburst scenarios. In the Karambar Valley, even today the Chateboi Glacier blocks the Karambar River over a distance of 4 km and represents a permanent hazard for the villages located downstream.  相似文献   

Taxonomic composition and seasonality of diatoms in three Dinaric karstic lakes in Croatia     

Nenad Jasprica  Dubravka Hafner 《Limnologica》2005,35(4):304-319

The composition and temporal distribution of planktonic diatoms were studied in three small shallow karstic lakes – Modro Oko, Desne, and Kuti – throughout the seasons in 1994, 1995, 1997, and 1998. Physico-chemical parameters did not differ among the three lakes, except for NO₃ concentrations. Altogether, 137 diatom taxa within 41 genera were found in all three lakes combined. The highest number of taxa belonged to the genera Surirella (13), Navicula (12), andCymbella (9). Most taxa were tychoplanktonic, with true panktonic taxa contributing only 14% of the total. Despite their physical-chemical similarity, the lakes showed differences in the structure and dynamics of their diatom communities. Blooms occurred at different times in each of the lakes, and community similarity (Jaccard index) among all three was low (17.6–29.1%). The highest mean values of surface diatom abundance in Modro Oko (2199 cells L⁻¹), Desne (7900 cells L⁻¹), and Kuti (20690 cells L⁻¹) were not significantly different. Margalef's species richness index did not differ either among the lakes or seasonally. Only five diatom taxa in quantitative samples, and 22 taxa in net-samples, were common to all lakes. The most frequent diatoms were Cyclotella striata (56–93%), Fragilaria ulna (50–67%), and Asterionella formosa (27–83%). The most abundant taxa in Modro Oko, Desne, and Kuti were, respectively, Cymbella sp. 1 (402 cells L⁻¹), Cyclotella striata (3000 cells L⁻¹) and Asterionella formosa (20690 cells L⁻¹). Eighteen taxa were recorded for the first time in Croatia: Amphora commutata, Caloneis amphisbaena var. subsalina, C. silicula var. peisonis, Campylodiscus echeneis, Coscinodiscus lacustris, Denticula elegans, Gyrosigma acuminatum var. lacustre, G. distortum var. parkeri, G. fasciola, Navicula menisculus var. menisculus, N. pusilla, N. helensis, Stauroneis parvula var. prominula, Staurosira construens f. subsalina, Stephanodiscus sp. 1, Surirella gracilis, S. ovalis, and S. striatula. The genus Stephanodiscus was recorded for the first time in Croatia.  相似文献   

Economic valuation of policies for managing acidity in remote mountain lakes: Examining validity through scope sensitivity testing     

No author 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2005,67(3):392-291

No Abstract. .The following two amendments concern the above mentioned article that appeared electronically Online First on June13, 2005 (this issue, pp. 274–291).1. the first name of the author Cooper is Philip (and not Phillip).2. the correct grant reference number is EVK1-CT-1999-00032 (instead of: EVK1-CT-2002-00121).  相似文献   

Land subsidence and caprock dolines caused by subsurface gypsum dissolution and the effect of subsidence on the fluvial system in the Upper Tigris Basin (between Bismil–Batman, Turkey)     

Uur Doan 《Geomorphology》2005,71(3-4):389-401

Karstification-based land subsidence was found in the Upper Tigris Basin with dimensions not seen anywhere else in Turkey. The area of land subsidence, where there are secondary and tertiary subsidence developments, reaches 140 km². Subsidence depth ranges between 40 and 70 m. The subsidence was formed as a result of subsurface gypsum dissolution in Lower Miocene formation. Although there are limestones together with gypsum and Eocene limestone below them in the area, a subsidence with such a large area is indicative of karstification in the gypsum. The stratigraphical cross-sections taken from the wells and the water analyses also verify this fact. The Lower Miocene gypsum, which shows confined aquifer features, was completely dissolved by the aggressive waters injected from the top and discharged through by Zellek Fault. This resulted in the development of subsidence and formation of caprock dolines on loosely textured Upper Miocene–Pliocene cover formations. The Tigris River runs through the subsidence area between Batman and Bismil. There are four terrace levels as T1 (40 m), T2 (30 m), T3 (10 m) and T4 (4–5 m) in the Tigris River valley. It was also found that there were some movements of the levels of the terraces in the valley by subsidence. The subsidence developed gradually throughout the Quaternary; however no terrace was formed purely because of subsidence.  相似文献   

抽汲地下水引起地面沉降的水-土耦合三维有限元数值模拟     

李云安  黄胜华  黄振伟 《地质科技情报》2005,24(Z1):151-155

建立了抽汲地下水非稳定流定解问题的三维数学模型,利用现有承压含水层非稳定流定解问题数值方程求解,重点讨论了源汇项的具体数学表达式.根据土的有效应办原理和压密原理推导出抽水沉降非线性弹性压密方程,结合武汉新业大厦水文地质与工程地质条件,利用已研制的三维有限元计算程序LCYXY3D.F90对该环境岩土工程问题进行了分析和评价,计算结果与实测结果符合较好.  相似文献   

箱形基础上浮病害整治技术     

夏彦 《探矿工程》2005,32(6):1-2

结合箱形基础不均匀上浮工程病害实例，综合分析了病害原因，提出了应用高压灌浆和抗浮锚杆工艺进行处治的方案。  相似文献   

WATER QUALITY STUDIES IN MALAYSIAN DISUSED MAN MADE LAKFS FOR SUITABILITY OF AN AQUACULTURE PROJECT     

Azma Hanim Ismail Mashhor Mansor Wan Maznah W O 《湿地科学》2005,3(4):258-268

A study has been conducted on the status of water quality in two disused man made lakes, which have potential for cage aquaculture project. This study highlights the quality of water analyzed with reference to various physical - chemical parameters in two selected lakes and their suitability for fish farming. A number of parameters were measured including the amount of NH3 - N, NO3 - N, NO2 - N and total phosphorus while in - situ measurement including DO, pH, temperature, conductivity, TDS and Secchi disk visibility. Beside the physical -chemical of water, the location, morphometry and climate conditions were also investigated. The chemical data analyzed for six months indicated that Lake A and Lake B are characterized by relatively high DO, slightly neutral pH and low TSS. The concentration of NH3 -N and NO2 -N was very low （0. 058 mg/L and 0. 04 mg/L, respectively） and total phosphorus was usually in low concentration and sometimes would seem negligible. Besides, NO3 - N occurred in slightly higher concentration （1.75 mg/L）. Results obtained indicated that the study site has high potentiality for development of inland fisheries practices.  相似文献   

利用水准数据的天津市地面沉降时空特征分析     

常明  尹海权  苏广利  田晓  徐玉健 《测绘通报》2020,(7):88-92

地面不均匀沉降可能对城市的发展与人民的安全造成危害，天津市的地面沉降情况尤为严重。针对该问题，本文收集天津市2005—2012年、2016—2017年水准观测数据，以固定水准点位的沉降量、沉降速率、沉降加速率为状态向量，构建卡尔曼滤波模型，对天津市历年的水准观测数据进行滤波；根据滤波后的结果，本文利用多项式加权内插的方法，以距离、沉降速率、沉降加速率信息确定权值大小，对地面沉降情况进行内插；并以中误差作为精度评定参数，比较多种内插方法的精度。通过对内插结果的试验分析发现，2005—2017年天津市地面累计平均沉降量为394.477 5 mm，最大沉降量为1 143.5 mm；主要沉降区域为北辰、大港、塘沽等地区，且随着时间的增长，这些区域呈现漏斗式下沉。试验证明本文结合卡尔曼滤波与多项式加权内插的方式能够较好地反映地面沉降的时空特征分布情况并对未来一段时间的沉降情况进行预测，对天津市的城市发展及建设有一定的参考意义。  相似文献