河床沉积物非均质性影响下的潜流交换数值模拟          下载免费PDF全文

陈孝兵  郑春阳  袁越 《水科学进展》2019,30(2):220-229

为了揭示河床沉积物非均质性对潜流交换的影响,构建了沙波地形作用下的地表水-地下水耦合模型,通过生成不同的渗透系数随机场,讨论了不同地表水动力过程和河床沉积物非均质性对潜流交换通量、交换空间及平均停留时间的影响规律。结果表明,所构建的地表水-地下水耦合模型能够准确刻画水沙界面附近流场,模型具有良好的适用性;均质或非均质河床沉积物情景下,水沙界面上的平均交换通量、停留时间与雷诺数之间均呈现幂函数关系,潜流交换深度则在地表水进入完全紊流之后趋于稳定。结果还表明,较强的河床沉积物非均质性能够有效增强水沙界面上潜流交换通量和空间交换频率,但会制约潜流交换空间并缩短水流在潜流带中的停留时间。  相似文献   

水库水体二氧化碳分压研究进展     

姚玲  高全洲  陶贞  邓浩俊  冯雍  李银花 《第四纪研究》2019,39(5):1264-1275

天然水体中存在同化二氧化碳(CO2)的光合作用,也存在释放CO2的微生物呼吸过程。地球表层水体与大气之间的CO2交换构成全球碳循环的一个重要环节。水-气之间CO2交换的方向和通量主要受大气圈和水体表层CO2分压(pCO2)的制约。水体pCO2值可以通过对近水面气体成分变化过程的现场仪器检测或者根据测定的水体化学参数运用经验公式计算求得。迄今对陆地水体,尤其河流筑坝形成的"蓄水河流"(下称水库)水体CO2动态研究中,由于水域及其近表层大气成分的时空多变,一般采用水化学参数计算方法求得水体的pCO2值。全球约70.97%的水库表层水体pCO2高于大气pCO2。全球尺度上水库表层水体pCO2自热带向寒温带逐渐递减;单个水库水体的pCO2一般呈现"出库>入库>库中"、pCO2随深度而增加的变化规律。水库表层水体pCO2的时间变化一般表现为"冬季>夏季、消融期>冰冻期、黑夜>白天"。水库水体的pCO2是其水化学平衡的结果,受水温、水体pH、水生生物活动以及外来水体的混合等多种因素影响,变化较为复杂。为精确量化水库水-气界面CO2交换通量,水文学、湖沼学、生态学和地球化学等领域的学者有必要合作,共同努力进行水库流域尺度的实地观测,完善水体溶解无机碳计算模型,深入探讨水库水体碳动力学机制,为全球碳循环研究和气候变化预测提供可靠的基础数据。  相似文献   

高温对褐藻羊栖菜逆境生理的影响     

刘丽杰  林立东 《热带海洋学报》2021,40(2):74-82

分别在27℃和32℃高温条件下培养羊栖菜(Sargassum fusiforme), 以在22℃培养条件下生长的羊栖菜作为对照, 在培养的第0、1、3、5和7天分别取气囊样品, 采用植物生理学试验方法探讨高温胁迫对羊栖菜细胞膜损伤、渗透调节和抗氧化保护的影响。结果表明: 1) 高温胁迫导致羊栖菜细胞的相对电导率提高和丙二醛(MDA)质量摩尔浓度增加, 膜系统受到了损伤, 造成体内离子外渗、细胞膜脂发生过氧化; 2) 细胞内积累了可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和脯氨酸等渗透调节物质并且胁迫组始终高于对照组, 其中可溶性蛋白在胁迫第7天时达到最大值(11.4μg·mg^-1), 而可溶性糖和脯氨酸均呈现先升高后降低的趋势, 分别在高温培养的第3天和第5天时达到最大值; 3) 受到高温胁迫后, 羊栖菜超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)比活性增强, 而过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)比活性在高温胁迫过程中呈现下降的趋势, 说明羊栖菜主要通过抗氧化酶SOD比活性增强来降低胁迫对藻体带来的伤害。总之, 羊栖菜对高温胁迫比较敏感, 温度越高, 培养时间越长, 羊栖菜受到的伤害越大。  相似文献   

平潭竹屿湾水交换能力和溢油风险数值模拟          下载免费PDF全文

张振伟  刘必劲  曾银东  张世民 《应用海洋学学报》2021,40(2):303-311

应用非结构网格有限体积海洋模型对平潭竹屿湾水交换能力和溢油扩散开展了数值模拟。水交换能力计算表明,竹屿湾大部分水域水体半交换时间小于1.0 d,平均滞留时间约3.0 d左右,水体冲洗时间为15.0 d,水交换能力较强。48 h溢油扩散计算结果表明,油粒子扫海范围及运动路径与油粒子的释放时刻及风的作用紧密相关。静风条件下,溢油运动主要受当地潮流影响,呈南-北往复运动。不利风作用下,竹屿水道的溢油可以扩散至平潭坛南湾、平潭草屿岛、塘屿岛及高山湾等海域,最远可到南日岛西北海域。  相似文献   

柴达木盆地盐湖区土壤黑碳分布及土气交换特性          下载免费PDF全文

武君  闵秀云  高春亮  李雷明 《盐湖研究》2020,28(1):1-10

深入探讨了柴达木盆地盐湖区土壤黑碳分布及土气交换特征。研究结果显示,研究区土壤总黑碳含量范围为0.50～6.79 g/kg,平均值达到1.64 g/kg;土壤烟炱组分黑碳含量范围为0.50～4.75 g/kg,平均值达到1.144 g/kg;气溶胶黑碳含量范围为0.34～4.92μg/m~3,平均值达到0.98μg/m~3。柴达木盆地盐湖区盐湖资源的大量开采和工业化生产等可能造成该地区黑碳大量排放。盐湖区土壤黑碳稳定碳同位素值(δ~(13)C_(BC))在-25.33‰～-23.46‰之间变化,平均值为-24.21‰,表明该地区土壤黑碳来源可能受C_3植物和化石燃料来源的共同影响。首次运用逃逸系数探讨了柴达木盆地盐湖区黑碳土气交换行为,结果表明研究区黑碳土气交换行为确实存在,但存在一定程度的模拟不确定性。  相似文献   

Coupled groundwater flow and heat transport simulation for estimating transient aquifer–stream exchange at the lowland River Spree (Germany)          下载免费PDF全文

Gunnar Nützmann  Christian Levers  Jörg Lewandowski 《水文研究》2014,28(13):4078-4090

Subsurface flow and heat transport near Freienbrink, NE Germany, was simulated in order to study groundwater–surface water exchange between a floodplains aquifer and a section of the lowland River Spree and an adjacent oxbow. Groundwater exfiltration was the dominant process, and only fast surface water level rises resulted in temporary infiltration into the aquifer. The main groundwater flow paths are identified based on a 3D groundwater flow model. To estimate mass fluxes across the aquifer–surface water interfaces, a 2D flow and heat transport modelling approach along a transect of 12 piezometers was performed. Results of steady‐state and transient water level simulations show an overall high accuracy with a Spearman coefficient ρ = 0.9996 and root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.008 m. Based on small groundwater flow velocities of about 10^?7 to 10^?6 ms^?1, mean groundwater exfiltration rates of 233 l m^?2 d^?1 are calculated. Short periods of surface water infiltration into the aquifer do not exceed 10 days, and the infiltration rates are in the same range. The heat transport was modelled with slightly less accuracy (ρ = 0.8359 and RMSE = 0.34 °C). In contrast to the predominant groundwater exfiltration, surface water temperatures determine the calculated temperatures in the upper aquifer below both surface water bodies down to 10 m during the whole simulation period. These findings emphasize prevailing of heat conduction over advection in the upper aquifer zones, which seems to be typical for lowland streams with sandy aquifer materials and low hydraulic gradients. Moreover, this study shows the potential of coupled numerical flow and heat transport modelling to understand groundwater–surface water exchange processes in detail. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

亚洲中部干旱区丝绸之路沿线环境演化与东西方文化交流   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

安成邦  王伟  段阜涛  黄伟  陈发虎 《地理学报》2017,72(5):875-891

基于环境记录、考古发现,以及同位素资料,对亚洲中部干旱区丝绸之路沿线的全新世以来的环境变化和东西方文化交流进行了梳理。结果表明,研究区独特的地理环境和环境变化过程,深刻地影响着文化的发展和传播。河西走廊受季风影响,表现出季风—西风过渡带干湿变化的模式,晚全新世气候趋向干旱;从新疆到中亚的丝绸之路沿线的环境变化比较一致：在早全新世（BC 6000以前）主要为干旱环境,植被以荒漠类型占优势;中晚全新世,湿润程度增加,草原植被扩展。新疆和中亚全新世中晚期较为湿润的环境为东西文化交流提供了较适宜的环境基础。得益于环境条件的改善,东西方文化交流融合的进程在BC 2000以后明显加速。在BC 2500-2000期间,东西方农业文化在丝绸之路沿线接触融合,是史前丝绸之路的首次贯通;在BC 2000-1000期间,丝绸之路沿线绿洲地带形成了以小麦—/大麦—粟黍—畜牧为特征的混合型经济特征,并扩散到欧亚草原带,和周围的畜牧业形成鲜明的对照,并持续到历史时期。这种空间分异,是地理环境和东西方文化交流共同作用的结果。在史前时期,东西方农业的相向传播和融合,基本沿着山前地带的绿洲蛙跳式前进。到了历史时期,政治版图的变化是影响丝绸之路的首要因素,但环境变化仍然是不可忽略的因素。  相似文献   

Landowner Attitudes Toward Conservation Easements: Balancing the Private and Public Interest in Land     

Ashley Vizek  Max Nielsen-Pincus 《社会与自然资源》2017,30(9):1080-1095

Private land conservation provides an opportunity to address problems of habitat fragmentation and biodiversity loss caused by an increase in the development and parcelization of private land. Conservation easements (CEs) are used to protect significant natural qualities of private land. In this study, we explore landowner attitudes toward CEs through the implementation of a mixed-mode survey to private landowners in the Whychus Creek Watershed (Deschutes County, Oregon). The results of an exploratory factor analysis suggest there are two dimensions to landowner attitudes toward CEs, an internal dimension and an external dimension. We found that positive external attitudes are primarily influenced by environmental beliefs, whereas positive internal attitudes are influenced by a suite of factors, including financial beliefs and perceived risk to private ownership. Awareness of CEs may also play a role in attitude development. Through this research, we argue that CEs may be beneficial in reintegrating the public good into private property.  相似文献   

Ecosystem Carbon Allocation of a Temperate Mixed Forest and a Subtropical Evergreen Forest in China     

LUO Yiwei  ZHANG Leiming  GUO Xuebing  DAI Guanhua  WANG Anzhi  ZHOU Guoyi  YU Guirui 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2018,9(6):642-653

Ecosystem carbon allocation can indicate ecosystem carbon cycling visually through its quantification within different carbon pools and carbon exchange. Using the ecological inventory and eddy covariance measurement applied to both a mature temperate mixed forest in Changbai Mountain (CBM) and a mature subtropical evergreen forest in Dinghu Mountain (DHM), we partitioned the ecosystem carbon pool and carbon exchange into different components, determined the allocation and analyzed relationships within those components. Generally, the total carbon stock of CBM was slightly higher than that of DHM due to a higher carbon stock in the arbor layer at CBM. It was interesting that the proportions of carbon stock in vegetation, soil and litter were similar for the two mature forests. The ratio of vegetation carbon pool to soil carbon stock was 1.5 at CBM and 1.3 at DHM. However, more carbon was allocated to the trunk and root from the vegetation carbon pool at CBM, while more carbon was allocated to foliage and branches at DHM. Moreover, 77% of soil carbon storage was limited to the surface soil layer (0-20 cm), while there was still plentiful carbon stored in the deeper soil layers at DHM. The root/shoot ratios were 0.30 and 0.25 for CBM and DHM, respectively. The rates of net ecosystem productivity (NPP) to gross ecosystem productivity (GPP) were 0.76 and 0.58, and the ratios of ecosystem respiration (Re) to GPP were 0.98 and 0.87 for CBM and DHM, respectively. The net ecosystem carbon exchange/productivity (NEP) was 0.24 t C ha^-1 yr^-1 for CBM and 3.38 t C ha^-1 yr^-1 for DHM. Due to the common seasonal and inter-annual variations of ecosystem carbon exchange resulting from the influence of environmental factors, it was necessary to use the long record dataset to evaluate the ecosystem sink capacity.  相似文献   

太平洋CC区沉积物陆源物质时空分布与大气环流的关系   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

孟宪伟  吴世迎  王湘芹 《海洋科学》1998,22(1):37-40

在玉平洋ＣＣ区沉积物陆源组分定量分离基础之上,研究陆源物质时空分布规律与大气环流的关系。  相似文献