论流量过程线划分的环境同位素方法   总被引：9，自引：2，他引：9       下载免费PDF全文

顾慰祖 《水科学进展》1996,7(2):105-111

自1987年起,在实验流域和代表流域对现行流量过程线划分两种径流成分的环境同位素法的基本假定进行了实验检验.结果表明,由于沉域水文系统同位素条件的复杂性,8项基本假定大多是不正确观念,应用该模型所得结果误差较大.研究认为对天然流域流量过程线使用环境同位素方法划分两种或两种以上径流组分时,必须具有4项必要条件,才能取得合理结果.  相似文献   

Diatom succession in an urban reservoir system     

Christopher M. Donar  Robert K. Neely  Eugene F. Stoermer 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1996,15(3):237-243

A 43 cm by 5 cm diameter sediment core sample was obtained from Ford Lake reservoir in Washtenaw County, Michigan, and sectioned at 1 cm intervals. The purpose of this study was to determine whether diatom communities in this reservoir have undergone quantifiable changes in abundance and composition since its creation. Thirty-one cm of this core appeared to represent material deposited since the creation of the reservoir based on changes in diatom abundance, the physical composition of the sediment and the change in biogenic SiO₂ concentration. Fortyseven species of diatoms were identified total concentrations of diatom remains varied from 1×10⁴ g^-1 to 1×10⁷ g^-1. Prior to the establishment of the reservoir, the diatom flora was dominated by benthic taxa. Benthic diatoms were numerous throughout the entire core, but eutrophic taxa (e.g., Aulacoseira italica, Aulacoseira granulata, Stephanodiscus niagarae, Fragilaria crotonensis) dominated much of the core after the reservoir's creation. Total diatom density increased about tenfold in the about the first 10–15 years after the reservoir's creation before declining markedly.  相似文献   

流域水文模型研究中的若干问题   总被引：50，自引：3，他引：50       下载免费PDF全文

芮孝芳 《水科学进展》1997,8(1):94-98

论述了流域水文模型出现的必然性,剖析了现有流域水文模型的局限性和用于水文预报需要解决的问题,并提出了若干建议,以期能推进流域水文模型的研究  相似文献   

气候变化对我国水文水资源的可能影响   总被引：36，自引：0，他引：36       下载免费PDF全文

刘春蓁 《水科学进展》1997,8(3):220-225

以平衡的GCM模型输出作为大气中CO₂浓度倍增时的气候情景,采用月水量平衡模型及水资源利用综合评价模型研究我国部分流域年、月径流、蒸发的可能变化及2030年水资源供需差额变化。结果表明淮河及其以北气候变化的影响最为显着,各流域水量的增多或减少主要由汛期径流及蒸发的增减决定。在未来气候条件下,黄、淮、海三个流域水资源短缺可能进一步加剧。  相似文献   

喀斯特地块空间结构研究：以普定后寨地下河流域为例     

张兆干  杨剑明 《地理学报》1997,52(4):345-352

通过对喀斯特地区的形态学、水文地质学、水文学和脉冲试验方法，将研究程度较为详细的贵州普定后寨地下不可流域作为样本区进行试验研究。以划分成八个空间结构类型。并且从中出该流域的喀斯特地貌主要是正向演化过程。但在西部形成反向演化过程。  相似文献   

气候变化对水文水资源影响评价的不确定性分析   总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8  

郭生练  曾光明 《水文》1995,(6):1-5

在评价气候变化对水文水资源影响的各个环节中都存在不确定性。以蓝塘和花园两流域为例，应用ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌＯ和非参数方法研究区域水文评价模型参数和径流的不确定性估计。结果表明：径流对降水的变化要比对气温升高敏感；径流系数较小的流域，其变化幅度反而大。若考虑信度水平为５％的不确定度和最不利的气候情景组合，蓝塘和花园两流域的洪峰流量将分别增大４５．２１％和４９．２７％，这将对防洪工程造成重大和不利的影响。  相似文献   

Surface energy balance of seasonal snow cover for snow-melt estimation in N-W Himalaya   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Prem Datt  P. K. Srivastava  P. S. Negi  P. K. Satyawali 《Journal of Earth System Science》2008,117(5):567-573

This study describes time series analysis of snow-melt, radiation data and energy balance for a seasonal snow cover at Dhundi field station of SASE, which lies in Pir Panjal range of the N-W Himalaya, for a winter season from 13 January to 12 April 2005. The analysis shows that mean snow surface temperature remains very close to the melting temperature of snow. It was found close to −1°C for the complete observational period which makes the snow pack at Dhundi moist from its beginning. The average air temperature over this period was found to be 3.5°C with hourly average variation from −5.5°C to 13°C. The snow surface at this station received a mean short wave radiation of 430W m⁻², out of which 298W m⁻² was reflected back by the snow surface with mean albedo value of 0.70. The high average temperature and more absorption of solar radiation resulted in higher thermal state of the snowpack which was further responsible for faster and higher densification of the snowpack. Net radiation energy was the major component of surface energy budget with a mean value of 83W m⁻². Bulk transfer model was used to calculate turbulent fluxes. The net energy was utilized for satisfying cold content and snow-melt by using measured snow surface temperature and density of snow pack. The mean square error between calculated and measured daily snow-melt was found to be approximately 6.6mm of water equivalent.  相似文献   

Dependence of thermal conductivity of snow on microstructure     

P. K. Satyawali  A. K. Singh 《Journal of Earth System Science》2008,117(4):465-475

A geometrical model, including different geometrical shapes influencing thermal conductivity of snow is proposed. The geometrical model has been assumed to comprise of unit cells having solid (ice) inclusion as an aggregation of spherical, cylindrical or cubical shapes with vertical connection, arranged in a cubic packing. From the geometrical model and one-dimensional heat transfer theory, the effective thermal conductivity has been computed. For this purpose, coupled one-dimensional heat transfer equations have been solved for steady-state condition to account for conduction in ice, conduction in air and latent heat transfer due to water vapour sublimation through air. The model demonstrates the dependency of thermal conductivity on density, grain-spacing, grain contact ratio and temperature. Spherical inclusions give highest conductivity while cubical inclusion estimates lowest value for the same density. Thermal conductivity has been found increasing sharply near to the packing density for all three shapes. Empirical model results and results obtained from existing microstructure based models have also been compared with the present model.  相似文献   

DEM在丘陵地区土地整理项目中的应用研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

陈勇  陶锐 《测绘科学》2008,33(1):170-172

本文选取巴中市巴州区某镇土地整理项目作为研究对象,首先利用一个典型区域的数字化等高线插值生成规则格网DEM,然后利用DEM进行土地平整土方量的计算、道路和渠系的纵断面提取以及由DEM自动提取水系等。由DEM进行以上信息的提取时,主要利用MapGIS软件的DTM分析模块和ArcGIS水文分析工具。本文将DEM与土地整理项目有机结合,在计算精度和计算效率上比以前的方法均有所提高,但由于受原始地形图精度和软件的影响,DEM的精度尚需提高,计算方法尚需进一步的改进。  相似文献   

陆面水文—气候耦合模拟研究进展     

占车生  宁理科  邹靖  韩建 《地理学报》2018,73(5):893-905

陆面水文过程是全球/区域气候模式十分重要而又十分薄弱的环节。本文通过科学文献计量法,分析了陆面水文—气候耦合研究的发展状况及研究热点和趋势,并进一步对研究中存在的问题和挑战进行综述和探讨。现有多数气候模式中的陆面模式主要基于一维垂向结构设计,缺乏对流域尺度水文过程的精细描述,尤其缺乏下垫面人类活动影响的描述。因此,为了科学认识水文过程与气候变化的相互反馈作用机制,大量研究主要通过耦合流域水文模型与气候模式,研究不同时空尺度下水文过程变化的气候反馈效应。陆面过程模式中水文过程的改进和大尺度水文模型发展为陆面水文—气候耦合模拟奠定基础,在此基础上,陆面水文—气候耦合研究正从传统的单向耦合研究逐步发展为考虑气候—水文反馈的双向耦合研究。然而,双向耦合研究远未成熟,其问题集中表现为陆面水文—气候模型耦合过程如何匹配并提高系统稳定性、研制有效的尺度转换方案、完善参数化方案并评估参数不确定性、研制有效参数移植方法并提高模型适用性以及高分辨率甚至超分辨率模拟等方面,逐步解决上述问题并提高模拟精度是未来水文—气候耦合模拟研究的重要发展方向。  相似文献