Strontium,SO42−/Cl− and Mg2+/Ca2+ ratios as tracers for the evolution of seawater into coastal aquifers: the example of Castell de Ferro aquifer (SE Spain)     

Pablo Pulido-Leboeuf  Antonio Pulido-Bosch  Maria Luisa Calvache  Ángela Vallejos  José Miguel Andreu 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2003,335(14):1039-1048

The strontium content and the SO₄^2?/Cl^? and Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratios were used as natural tracers of the residence time of seawater intrusion into the Castell de Ferro aquifer. Analysis of these parameters indicated the existence of two principal flowpaths in the aquifer. The first flows through the eastern part of the aquifer, through the karstified Castell de Ferro massif; it accommodates a larger and more rapid flow, so that the residence time is shorter, leading to lower SO₄²⁺/Cl^? ratios, lower Sr²⁺ content and higher Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratios. The second flowpath is in the western sector, and flows exclusively through alluvial deposits; the flow here is slower, particularly that flowing towards the sea. Thus the residence time of the water here will be longer and there is scant flushing of the intruded seawater; this is manifested in the high Sr²⁺ content, high SO₄²⁺/Cl^? and low Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratios. To cite this article: P. Pulido-Leboeuf et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).  相似文献   

The transport of gravel in an ephemeral sandbed river     

Marwan A. Hassan  Asher P. Schick  Paul A. Shaw 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1999,24(7):623-640

  相似文献   

FLOW SEPARATION IN UNDISTURBED SOIL USING MULTIPLE ANIONIC TRACERS. PART 3: UNSTEADY CORE-SCALE INFILTRATION EXPERIMENTS     

M. O. ABDULKABIR  K. J. BEVEN  A. D. REEVES 《水文研究》1996,10(11):1467-1482

Solute transport through structured, undisturbed soil has been studied in transient, unsaturated experiments using columns from grass and woodland sites on the Lancaster University campus. Three anionic tracers have been used, bromide (Br⁻) and two fluorinated organic acids (pentraflurobenzoic acid and 2,6-diflurobenzoic acid). The process of displacement of stored water from undisturbed columns was investigated using successive inputs of different tracers under similar antecedent conditions. The results indicated that initial breakthrough was rapid, with a relative concentration of 0.8 being reached between 0.4 and 0.5 pore volumes of discharge. It was found that there was an apparent continued discharge of ‘old’ water, stored in the column before any additions of tracer, even after the addition of a total of 4.9 and 5.4 pore volumes of water for the grass and woodland columns, respectively. The implications of the results of these tracer studies for modelling solute transport in structured soils are considered.  相似文献   

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF AN ISOTOPIC METHOD FOR ESTIMATING LAKE EVAPORATION     

J. J. GIBSON  T. W. D. EDWARDS  T. D. PROWSE 《水文研究》1996,10(10):1369-1382

A study designed to test the validity of an isotopic method for estimating evaporation was conducted within a small, tundra lake situated in the continental Arctic of Canada. Evaporation was determined using an isotope mass balance approach which accounted quantitatively for isotopic fractionation, progressive evaporative enrichment of δ¹⁸O and δ²H in lake water, and attenuation of enrichment by liquid inputs and atmospheric moisture. Concurrent determinations made using standard mass balance, energy balance, aerodynamic profile and class A pans permitted rigorous comparisons between methods. Results are presented for two summers which had distinct weather conditions and hydrological balances. Overall, the δ¹⁸O balance was found to be in good agreement with standard methods during both years over time intervals greater than about one week. Owing to a less systematic response of δ²H over short time periods, it use is not recommended for quantitative mass balance determinations over time intervals of less than about 50 days in this setting.  相似文献   

Comparison of ground-based and UAV a-UHF artificial tracer mobility monitoring methods on a braided river     

M. Cassel  H. Piégay  G. Fantino  J. Lejot  L. Bultingaire  K. Michel  F. Perret 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(5):1123-1140

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technologies, which allow wireless detection of individual buried or immersed tracers, represent a step forward in sediment tracking, especially passive integrated transponders (PIT tags) that have been widely used. Despite their widespread adoption in the scientific community, they typically have low efficiency when deployed in river systems with active bedload transport or deep wet channels, attributed to their technical specifications. A recent evaluation of active ultra-high frequency transponders (a-UHF tags) assessed their larger detection range and provided a methodology for their geopositioning. In this study, we test five different survey methods (one including an unmanned aerial vehicle [UAV]) in a sediment tracking study, and compare them in terms of recovery rate, field effort, geopositioning error, and efficiency. We then tested the method on a larger reach following a Q₅ flood and performed cross-comparisons between active and passive RFIDs. The results confirmed that the a-UHF RFID technology allowed rapid (1.5 h ha⁻¹) survey of a large area (<34 ha) of emerged bars and shallow water channels with recovery of a high percentage of tracers (72%) that had travelled large distances (mean ≈ 1000 m; max ≈ 3400 m). Moreover, the tracers were identified with low geopositioning error (mean ≈ 7.1 m, ≤1% of their travel distance). We also showed that a UAV-based survey was fast (0.38 h ha⁻¹), efficient (recovery rate = 84%), and low error (mean ≈ 4.2 m). Thus, a-UHF RFID technology permits the development of a variety of survey methods, depending on the study objectives and the human and financial resources available. This allows field efforts to be optimized by determining an appropriate balance between the high equipment cost of a-UHF tracers and the resulting reduced survey costs. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Delineating extent and magnitude of river flooding to lakes across a northern delta using water isotope tracers     

Casey R. Remmer  Tanner Owca  Laura Neary  Johan A. Wiklund  Mitchell Kay  Brent B. Wolfe  Roland I. Hall 《水文研究》2020,34(2):303-320

Hydrological monitoring in complex, dynamic northern floodplain landscapes is challenging, but increasingly important as a consequence of multiple stressors. The Peace-Athabasca Delta in northern Alberta, Canada, is a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance reliant on episodic river ice-jam flood events to recharge abundant perched lakes and wetlands. Improved and systematic monitoring of landscape-scale hydrological connectivity among freshwater ecosystems (rivers, channels, wetlands, and lakes) is needed to guide stewardship decisions in the face of climate change and upstream industrial development. Here, we use water isotope compositions, supplemented by measurements of specific conductivity and field observations, from 68 lakes and 9 river sites in May 2018 to delineate the extent and magnitude of spring ice-jam induced flooding along the Peace and Athabasca rivers. Lake-specific estimates of input water isotope composition (δ_I) were modelled after accounting for influence of evaporative isotopic enrichment. Then, using the distinct isotopic signature of input water sources, we develop a set of binary mixing models and estimate the proportion of input to flooded lakes attributable to river floodwater and precipitation (snow or rain). This approach allowed identification of areas and magnitude of flooding that were not captured by other methods, including direct observations from flyovers, and to demarcate flow pathways in the delta. We demonstrate water isotope tracers as an efficient and effective monitoring tool for delineating spatial extent and magnitude of an important hydrological process and elucidating connectivity in the Peace-Athabasca Delta, an approach that can be readily adopted at other floodplain landscapes.  相似文献   

Siliceous algae-based seasonal temperature inference and indicator pollen tracking ca. 4,000 years of climate/land use dependency in the southern Austrian Alps     

Roland Schmidt  Christian Kamenik  Monika Roth 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2007,38(4):541-554

Diatom and chrysophyte cyst-based reconstructions of the dates of spring and autumn lake-mixing enabled us to estimate spring (ST_anom) and autumn (AT_anom) temperature anomalies as well as ice-cover of the last ca. 4,000 years in a lake sediment core (Oberer Landschitzsee, 2,076 m a.s.l.) from the southern slopes of the Austrian Central Alps. The two independently inferred temperature anomalies were significantly correlated. On average, spring and autumn temperatures were lower during the two millennia B.C than during 0–1,300 A.D. Marked spring and autumn temperature minima occurred at about 1,300 and 600 B.C. At about 1,300 A.D, ST_anom declined again. Spring-temperature anomalies during Roman and Medieval times equaled or slightly exceeded the modern values and paralleled tree-line and glacier fluctuations. The de-coupling of autumn and spring climates, which began during the Medieval period, might indicate changes in major circulation modes. It was assumed that the North-Atlantic influence, triggering winter-rain climate in the Northern Mediterranean, became weaker during Medieval times, resulting in a trend towards warmer autumns and overall more continental climate conditions in the study area. Four pulses of land use, inferred from indicator pollen, occurred during (1) the Early to Late Bronze, (2) the transition from Late Bronze to Early Iron Age (Hallstatt), (3) Late Iron Age (La Tène, Celtic time) to Roman times, and (4) during high to late Medieval times. Climate seemed to be an important, though complex, trigger of Alpine land use.  相似文献   

Study of exchangeable metal on colloidal humic acids and particulate matter by coupling ultrafiltration and isotopic tracers: Application to natural waters     

Y. Sivry  J. Riotte  B. Dupr 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2006,88(1-3):144

A new method is proposed to characterize the complexation properties of colloids and metal–colloid interactions in natural waters. Based on the association of ultrafiltration with isotopic tracing, this method could quantify the pool of elements in an exchangeable position and also address the kinetic aspects of these exchanges. Basically, it consists of the comparison of isotopic compositions between the bulk sample and a succession of filtrates through time. Exchanges between colloidal humic acids (HA) and metals were first characterized, before applying such manipulations on natural waters. A few elements, representative of a wide range of complexation properties, were chosen: Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Sr, Nd, Ni, Th and U. In the case of humic acids, very small (less than 10% of isotopes), but significant isotopic shifts were observed compared to the isotopic equilibrium. It means that more than 90% of the isotopes were exchanged just after addition of isotopic tracers. Experiments on natural organic-rich waters (Mengong and Nyong streams) indicate isotopic composition variations close to those of humic acids. On the contrary, ultrafiltration performed on the total Sanaga River water (including suspended matter “SM”) shows an important isotopic shift between the filtered and unfiltered solutions. It means that in the case of the Sanaga River, a significant part of the chemical elements did not exchange.  相似文献   

Organic tracers from biomass burning in atmospheric particulate matter over the ocean     

Bernd R. T. Simoneit  Vladimir O. Elias   《Marine Chemistry》2000,69(3-4)

Particulate matter from the atmosphere over the Atlantic Ocean along the South American and African Continents has been analyzed for organic tracers from natural and biomass burning emissions. The major biomarker compounds characterized are natural products from continental vegetation consisting primarily of epicuticular wax components. For example, n-alkanes ranged from C₂₅ to C₃₅, with an odd carbon number predominance and carbon maxima (C_max) at 29 or 31. Concentrations of n-alkanes varied from 0.3 to 680 ng/m³. Nevertheless, n-alkanols are the dominant terrestrial tracers in almost all samples (concentrations from 0.1 to 780 ng/m³) and ranged from C₂₂ to C₃₄ with an even carbon number predominance. Despite the major presence of the natural tracers, organic components from biomass burning emissions are also present in the particulate matter. The major tracers from this source are thermal degradation products from the biopolymer cellulose, namely the dianhydromonosaccharide derivatives levoglucosan, galactosan, and mannosan. In general, the concentrations of levoglucosan, the major derivative from this source in all samples, varied from 0.0008 to 0.15 ng/m³ in atmospheric samples collected over the ocean and from 0.04 to 4860 ng/m³ in terrestrial particulate matter, used as reference in this study. Dehydroabietic acid, another marker compound emitted from burning of Gymnosperm fuel, is also detectable in most oceanic samples at concentrations ranging from 0.0001 to 0.4 ng/m³, whereas in terrestrial aerosol particulate matter, this component is present at much higher concentrations (0.23–440 ng/m³). The presence of these tracers in atmospheric particulate matter over the ocean confirms the long-range transport of smoke from biomass burning off the continents.  相似文献   

Ecohydrological modelling with EcH2O‐iso to quantify forest and grassland effects on water partitioning and flux ages     

Audrey Douinot  Doerthe Tetzlaff  Marco Maneta  Sylvain Kuppel  Hubert Schulte‐Bisping  Chris Soulsby 《水文研究》2019,33(16):2174-2191

We used the new process‐based, tracer‐aided ecohydrological model EcH₂O‐iso to assess the effects of vegetation cover on water balance partitioning and associated flux ages under temperate deciduous beech forest (F) and grassland (G) at an intensively monitored site in Northern Germany. Unique, multicriteria calibration, based on measured components of energy balance, hydrological function and biomass accumulation, resulted in good simulations reproducing measured soil surface temperatures, soil water content, transpiration, and biomass production. Model results showed the forest “used” more water than the grassland; of 620 mm average annual precipitation, losses were higher through interception (29% under F, 16% for G) and combined soil evaporation and transpiration (59% F, 47% G). Consequently, groundwater (GW) recharge was enhanced under grassland at 37% (~225 mm) of precipitation compared with 12% (~73 mm) for forest. The model tracked the ages of water in different storage compartments and associated fluxes. In shallow soil horizons, the average ages of soil water fluxes and evaporation were similar in both plots (~1.5 months), though transpiration and GW recharge were older under forest (~6 months compared with ~3 months for transpiration, and ~12 months compared with ~10 months for GW). Flux tracking using measured chloride data as a conservative tracer provided independent support for the modelling results, though highlighted effects of uncertainties in forest partitioning of evaporation and transpiration. By tracking storage—flux—age interactions under different land covers, EcH₂O‐iso could quantify the effects of vegetation on water partitioning and age distributions. Given the likelihood of drier, warmer summers, such models can help assess the implications of land use for water resource availability to inform debates over building landscape resilience to climate change. Better conceptualization of soil water mixing processes and improved calibration data on leaf area index and root distribution appear obvious respective modelling and data needs for improved simulations.  相似文献