Unravelling evapotranspiration controls and components in tropical Andean tussock grasslands     

Ana E. Ochoa-Sánchez  Patricio Crespo  Galo Carrillo-Rojas  Franklin Marín  Rolando Célleri 《水文研究》2020,34(9):2117-2127

The study of the environmental factors that control evapotranspiration and the components of evapotranspiration leads to a better understanding of the actual evapotranspiration (ET) process that links the functioning of the soil, water and atmosphere. It also improves local, regional and global ET modelling. Globally, few studies so far focussed on the controls and components of ET in alpine grasslands, especially in mountainous sites such as the tussock grasslands located in the páramo biome (above 3300 m a.s.l.). The páramo occupies 35 000 km² and provides water resources for many cities in the Andes. In this article, we unveiled the controls on ET and provided the first insights on the contribution of transpiration to ET. We found that the wet páramo is an energy-limited region and net radiation (Rn) is primarily controlling ET. ET was on average 1.7 mm/day. The monthly average evaporative fraction (ET/Rn) was 0.47 and it remained similar for wet and dry periods. The secondary controls on ET were wind speed, aerodynamic resistance and surface resistance that appeared more important for dry periods, where significantly higher ET rates were found (20% increase). During dry events, transpiration was on average 1.5 mm/day (range 0.7–2.7 mm/day), similar to other tussock grasslands in New Zealand (range 0.6–3.3 mm/day). Evidence showed interception contributes more to ET than transpiration. This study sets a precedent towards a better understanding of the evapotranspiration process and will ultimately lead to a better land-atmosphere fluxes modelling in the tropics.  相似文献   

Soil water dynamics and water balance on a tropical coral island     

Shengsheng Han  Suxia Liu  Xingguo Mo  Lihu Yang  Xianfang Song 《水文研究》2021,35(12):e14415

Understanding soil water dynamics and the water balance of tropical coral islands is important for the utilization and management of their limited freshwater resources, which is only from rainfall. However, there is a significant knowledge gap in the influence of soil water on the water cycle of coral islands. Soil water dynamics and the water balance of Zhaoshu Island, Xisha Archipelago were thus investigated using soil moisture measurements and the Hydrus-1D model from October 2018 to September 2019. Over the study period, vegetation transpiration, soil evaporation, groundwater recharge and storage in the vadose zone were approximately 196, 330, 365 and 20 mm, occupying 22%, 36%, 40% and 2% of annual rainfall total (911 mm), respectively. For the wet season (from May to October) these values became 75, 202, 455 and 40 mm, occupying 10%, 26% and 59% and 5% of the seasonal rainfall total (772 mm), respectively. During the dry season (from November to April), a dry soil layer between 40 and 120 cm depth of the soil profile was identified that prevented water exchange between the upper soil layers and the groundwater resulting in the development of deep roots so that vegetation could extract groundwater to supplement their water requirements. Vegetation not only consumes all dry season rainfall (140 mm) but extracts water deeply from groundwater (90 mm) as well as from the vadose layer (20 mm). As such, the vegetation appears to be groundwater-dependent ecosystems. The research results aid us to better understand the process of water dynamics on coral islands and to protect coral island ecosystems.  相似文献   

Simulated water budget of a small forested watershed in the continental/maritime hydroclimatic region of the United States          下载免费PDF全文

Liang Wei  Timothy E. Link  Andrew T. Hudak  John D. Marshall  Kathleen L. Kavanagh  John T. Abatzoglou  Hang Zhou  Robert E. Pangle  Gerald N. Flerchinger 《水文研究》2016,30(13):2000-2013

Annual streamflows have decreased across mountain watersheds in the Pacific Northwest of the United States over the last ~70 years; however, in some watersheds, observed annual flows have increased. Physically based models are useful tools to reveal the combined effects of climate and vegetation on long‐term water balances by explicitly simulating the internal watershed hydrological fluxes that affect discharge. We used the physically based Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW) model to simulate the inter‐annual hydrological dynamics of a 4 km² watershed in northern Idaho. The model simulates seasonal and annual water balance components including evaporation, transpiration, storage changes, deep drainage, and trends in streamflow. Independent measurements were used to parameterize the model, including forest transpiration, stomatal feedback to vapour pressure, forest properties (height, leaf area index, and biomass), soil properties, soil moisture, snow depth, and snow water equivalent. No calibrations were applied to fit the simulated streamflow to observations. The model reasonably simulated the annual runoff variations during the evaluation period from water year 2004 to 2009, which verified the ability of SHAW to simulate the water budget in this small watershed. The simulations indicated that inter‐annual variations in streamflow were driven by variations in precipitation and soil water storage. One key parameterization issue was leaf area index, which strongly influenced interception across the catchment. This approach appears promising to help elucidate the mechanisms responsible for hydrological trends and variations resulting from climate and vegetation changes on small watersheds in the region. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Spatial variation in sap flow velocity in semiarid region trees: its impact on stand‐scale transpiration estimates     

Tomonori Kume  Kyoichi Otsuki  Sheng Du  Norikazu Yamanaka  Yi‐Long Wang  Guo‐Bin Liu 《水文研究》2012,26(8):1161-1168

In this study, we aimed to clarify spatial variations in xylem sap flow, and to determine the impacts of these variations on stand‐scale transpiration (E) estimates. We examined circumferential and radial variations in sap flow velocity (F_d) measured at several directions and depths in tree trunks of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) and native oak (Quercus liaotungensis), both of which have ring‐porous wood anatomy, in forest stands on the Loess Plateau, China. We evaluated the impacts of circumferential variations in F_d on stand‐scale transpiration estimates using a simple scaling exercise. We found significant circumferential variations in F_d in the outermost xylem in both species (coefficients of variation = 20–45%). For both species, F_d measured at the inner xylem was smaller than that of the outermost xylem and the F_d at the depth of > 10 mm was almost zero. The simple exercises showed that omitting circumferential variations in F_d affected the E estimate by 16–21%, which was less than the effects of omitting within‐tree radial and tree‐to‐tree variations in F_d in both species. These results suggest that circumferential variations in F_d can be a minor source of error for E estimates compared with within‐tree radial and tree‐to‐tree variations in F_d, regardless of the significant circumferential variations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)、珍珠(Salsola passerine)蒸腾耗水规律的尺度整合     

金艳霞  王新平  张亚峰  潘颜霞  虎瑞  徐浩杰  石薇 《中国沙漠》2018,(2):286-293

利用LI-6400XT便携式光合仪和大型称重式蒸渗仪研究红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)、珍珠(Salsola passerina)灌丛在干旱和湿润条件下的蒸腾耗水特征,并探讨从叶片到灌丛尺度转换中,在非破损状态下植物叶面积的可靠测定方法。结果表明:用图像法获得非破损状态下植物叶面积是可行的,基于植物叶面积通过尺度转换得到灌丛尺度的蒸腾量与蒸渗仪测定的蒸腾量具有较高一致性(r=0.9752,P<0.01)。干旱条件下,红砂蒸腾速率的日变化呈单峰曲线,主要影响因素为气孔导度(P<0.01);湿润条件下,红砂和珍珠蒸腾速率的日变化均呈单峰曲线,主要的影响因素为气孔导度、空气相对湿度、饱和蒸汽压亏缺和光合有效辐射(P<0.01)。珍珠水分利用效率和气孔限制值均高于红砂。此外,干旱条件下红砂的水分利用效率和气孔限制均高于湿润条件。通过尺度转换得到的灌丛尺度的蒸腾量和蒸渗仪测定的蒸腾量的结果均表明,红砂的蒸腾量始终大于珍珠,且随土壤湿润状况的改善而增大。红砂灌丛蒸腾量与蒸散量之比在干旱条件下(T/ET=21%)较湿润条件下高(约2%)。同时,红砂灌丛T/ET高于珍珠灌丛。因此,基于图像法获得的叶面积参数可用于从叶片(便携式光合仪法)到植株及灌丛水平(称重式蒸渗仪法)的植物蒸腾耗水尺度转换研究。  相似文献   

杭州人工湿地与西溪湿地4种植物光合生理生态比较   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张骁栋  葛滢  叶哲璐  潘海峰  杨万军  张骏  高瞻  常杰 《湿地科学》2006,4(2):138-145

比较了夏季杭州植物园观鱼池人工湿地和西溪湿地的4种植物,鸢尾(Iris tectorum)、菖蒲(Acorus cala-mus)、美人蕉(Canna indica)和旱柳(Salix matsudana)的生理生态差异。测定了植物的光饱和曲线,蒸腾速率(Tr),计算了表观光量子效率(AQY)、水分利用效率(WUE)和呼吸速率(Rd)等生理参数。研究发现,夏季人工湿地植物的生长状态优于西溪湿地的植物,最大光合速率和蒸腾速率都是人工湿地大于西溪湿地,而呼吸速率则是西溪湿地大于人工湿地。人工湿地为净化鱼池水的沙基质结构以及间歇式供水条件在净化富营养化水的同时也为其中生长的植物创造了好于自然湿地的生长环境。  相似文献   

一种改进的土壤水分平衡模式   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

申双和  李胜利 《气象》1998,24(6):17-21

将美国学者,Ｊ．Ｔ．Ｒｉｔｃｈｉｅ等研制的作物生长模拟模式（ＣＥＲＥＳ－小麦模式）中的土壤水分平衡子模式应用于我国半干旱地区甘肃省西峰市农业气象试验站固定地块麦地土壤水分的模拟,对原有模式中潜在蒸散、地表蒸发和作物蒸腾加以修正,同时,为增强模式的应用性能,引入一种由作物生育期来估算作物根系最大深度和土壤各层相对根密度的方法。改进后的土壤水分平衡模式取得较好的应用效果,为旱地农田土壤水分管理提供了一  相似文献   

A remote sensing model of CO2 flux for wheat and studying of regional distribution     

Renhua Zhang  Xiaomin Sun  Zhilin Zhu  Hongbo Su  Gang Chen 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》1999,42(3):325-336

A model for calculating CO₂ flux in the wheat field and an algorithm for estimating CO₂ flux in the mejonal scale were presented using the remote sensing data and supplementary micpo-met~orological data. First of all a-longertenn measurement wae carried out during winter wheat growing period in Yucheng Experimental Station udng the spectmradiometer system, the thermal infrared radiometer system, the Bowen-ratio device as well as the eddy-correlation device. Two kinds of issues concerning remote sensing and CO₂ flux can be obtained. Based on the obeervations a remote sensing model was estabilished. Then when the NOAA-AVHRR passed over the experimental area simultaneous measurements were carried out with the satellites. A regional distribution image for CO₂ flux over wheat canopy in North China (500×500 km²) was made using the supplementary ground data and NOAA-AVHRR remote sensing data which was calibrated by the synchronous observation. The sources and sinks for CO₂ fluxes in the region can be seen obviously. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 49671058, 49890330)  相似文献   

Estimation and analysis of the ratio of transpiration to evapotranspiration in forest ecosystems along the North-South Transect of East China     

Ren  Xiaoli  Lu  Qianqian  He  Honglin  Zhang  Li  Niu  Zhongen 《地理学报(英文版)》2019,29(11):1807-1822

Journal of Geographical Sciences - The ratio of transpiration to evapotranspiration (T/ET) is a key parameter for quantifying water use efficiency of ecosystems and understanding the interaction...  相似文献   

Measurements of transpiration in four tropical rainforest types of north Queensland,Australia     

David McJannet  Peter Fitch  Mark Disher  Jim Wallace 《水文研究》2007,21(26):3549-3564

Transpiration of four different rainforest types in north Queensland, Australia, was determined using the heat pulse technique for periods ranging between 391 and 657 days. Despite the complexity of the natural rainforest systems being studied, the relationship between sample tree size and daily water use was found to be strong, thus providing a robust means by which to scale transpiration from individual trees to the entire forest stand. Transpiration was shown to be dependent on solar radiation and atmospheric demand for moisture with little evidence of limitation by soil moisture supply. Total stand transpiration was controlled by forest characteristics such as stem density, size distribution and sapwood area. Annual transpiration for each of the four sites ranged between 353 mm for cloud forest and 591 mm for montane rainforest. In comparison with the international literature, transpiration from Australian rainforests is low; the reasons for this could be related to a combination of differences in forest structure, climatic conditions, canopy wetness duration and tree physiology. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献