Hydrological model sensitivity to parameter and radar rainfall estimation uncertainty     

Faisal Hossain  Emmanouil N. Anagnostou  Tufa Dinku  Marco Borga 《水文研究》2004,18(17):3277-3291

Radar estimates of rainfall are being increasingly applied to flood forecasting applications. Errors are inherent both in the process of estimating rainfall from radar and in the modelling of the rainfall–runoff transformation. The study aims at building a framework for the assessment of uncertainty that is consistent with the limitations of the model and data available and that allows a direct quantitative comparison between model predictions obtained by using radar and raingauge rainfall inputs. The study uses radar data from a mountainous region in northern Italy where complex topography amplifies radar errors due to radar beam occlusion and variability of precipitation with height. These errors, together with other error sources, are adjusted by applying a radar rainfall estimation algorithm. Radar rainfall estimates, adjusted and not, are used as an input to TOPMODEL for flood simulation over the Posina catchment (116 km²). Hydrological model parameter uncertainty is explicitly accounted for by use of the GLUE (Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation). Statistics are proposed to evaluate both the wideness of the uncertainty limits and the percentage of observations which fall within the uncertainty bounds. Results show the critical importance of proper adjustment of radar estimates and the use of radar estimates as close to ground as possible. Uncertainties affecting runoff predictions from adjusted radar data are close to those obtained by using a dense raingauge network, at least for the lowest radar observations available. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Multiple objective evaluation of a simple phosphorus transfer model     

Russell M. S. Smith  Howard S. Wheater 《水文研究》2004,18(9):1703-1720

A simple phosphorus (P) transfer model of the Welland catchment, UK, is evaluated against multiple objective functions using a Monte Carlo approach that combines calibration, identifiability, sensitivity and uncertainty analysis. The model is based on simple conceptual rainfall‐runoff and river routing components, combined with estimates of the daily non‐point source load derived from annual landuse‐based export coefficients, disaggregated as a function of the runoff. The model has limited data requirements, consistent with data availability, and is parsimoneous with respect to the number of parameters identified through inverse modelling. The best performing parameter sets capture the main aspects of the observed flow and total P (TP) concentrations and provide a suitable basis for a decision‐support tool. However, a trade‐off is evident between matching the observed flow peaks, flow recessions and TP concentrations simultaneously, highlighting some limitations of the model structure and/or calibration data. Model analysis indicates that daily non‐point source load cannot be described as a function of near‐surface runoff and land use alone, but that other influences, including seasonality, are important. However, further model development to improve performance is likely to introduce additional complexity (in terms of parameter numbers), and hence additional problems of parameter identifiability and output uncertainty, which in turn raises issues of the information content of the available data. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

SL3型雨量传感器示值误差测量不确定度评定方法   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

王敏  魏根宝  王毛翠  马锦国 《气象科技》2015,43(1):65-69

基于雨量传感器的检定方法,介绍了SL3型雨量传感器示值误差测量不确定度的评定方法。组建了测量模型,由测量不确定度传播定理,分析了雨量传感器示值误差测量不确定度的来源,根据不同的评定方法,对测量不确定度分量进行合理评定;结合实际工作,展示了SL3型雨量传感器示值误差测量不确定度的评定实例;分析了影响雨量传感器测量不确定度的主要因素。结果表明：雨量传感器示值误差的扩展不确定度U=01 mm（k=2）。其中,示值重复性引入的标准不确定度是影响测量不确定度的主要因素,其次是雨量传感器的分辨力和计数装置分辨力引入的标准不确定度,全自动雨量校准仪模拟雨强精度偏差引入的标准不确定度影响最小。  相似文献   

地面气温的概率预报试验     

李刚  吴春燕  肖若 《气象科技》2015,43(1):97-102

基于TIGGE(THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble)资料,对中国气象局(CMA)集合数值预报产品进行温度概率预报试验。分别应用降尺度技术、系统偏差订正及降尺度与系统偏差订正相结合的方法对2008年1月的气温进行试验。结果表明,通过Brier评分和ROC分析的检验,在24～240 h预报中,都得到了明显改进,在进行降尺度和系统偏差订正相结合的方法下,预报技巧的改进更加明显,优于单个方法独自使用的效果。RPS评分检验则表明:在168 h内,两种改进方案相结合的概率预报效果明显优于单一改进方法的使用;168 h后,预报效果逐渐下降不如系统偏差订正的效果,但优于降尺度技术的改进。总体而言,3种方法对地面气温的概率预报都有正的技巧预报,对预报时效较短(7天前)温度概率预报技巧高于预报时效较长的(7天后)。  相似文献   

气候变化影响与风险评估方法的研究进展          下载免费PDF全文

彭鹏  张韧  洪梅  王锋  龙强 《大气科学学报》2015,38(2):155-164

气候变化影响是指气候变化背景下社会经济或资源环境的响应。气候变化风险是指由于气候变化所引起的社会经济或资源环境的可能损失。气候变化风险评估是对气候变化影响的定性和对风险的量化。针对气候变化风险评估方法的原理和技术体系,本文从风险指数、风险概率和脆弱性评估三个方面,对研究现状、热点问题和通常方法进行了评述,并对当前研究中存在的问题和未来需求进行了归纳和展望。  相似文献   

青藏高原气温和降水近期、中期与长期变化的预估及其不确定性来源   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

周天军  张文霞  陈晓龙  张丽霞  邹立维  满文敏 《气象科学》2020,40(5):697-710

采用第五次耦合模式比较计划（Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5,CMIP5）高分辨率全球统计降尺度预估数据集,针对近期（2020—2039年）、中期（2040—2059年）和长期（2080—2099年）,以及全球1.5℃和2℃温升阈值,预估了青藏高原地区平均气温和降水、极端气温和极端降水的变化,定量估算了预估结果的不确定性来源。结果表明：（1）在RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下,21世纪青藏高原地区平均气温和降水、极端气温和极端降水强度均显著增加,最长连续干旱天气减少。高原气候变化幅度超全球平均,至21世纪末,模式集合预估的气候变化幅度介于全球平均的1.5~3倍。（2）青藏高原地区受0.5℃额外增温的显著影响,年均气温、极端高温和极端低温均显著升高,平均及极端强降水均显著增加。（3）排放情景的选择对近期气候预估影响小,但对长期影响大。在相同排放情景下,内部变率主导了近期高原平均气温预估的不确定性,但至长期其贡献降至10%以下。模式和内部变率的不确定性对降水预估均有贡献,且都随时间减小,最大不确定性中心位于西部和北部边缘,噪声与信号比大于6。  相似文献   

Using multiple‐variable indicator kriging to assess groundwater quality for irrigation in the aquifers of the Choushui River alluvial fan     

Cheng‐Shin Jang  Shih‐Kai Chen  Lin Ching‐Chieh 《水文研究》2008,22(22):4477-4489

This work attempted to locate clean and safe groundwater for irrigation use in the Choushui River alluvial fan. Multiple‐variable indicator kriging (MVIK) was adopted to evaluate numerous hydrochemical parameters for a standard of water quality for irrigation in Taiwan. Many hydrochemical parameters in groundwater were distinguished into three main categories—salinity/sodium hazard, nitrogen hazard and heavy metal hazard. Safe and potential hazardous regions of groundwater for irrigation were delineated according to different probabilities estimated by MVIK. The probabilistic results of the classifications gave an opportunity to explore the spatial uncertainty of the hazards and helped government administrators establish a sound policy associated with the development and management of groundwater resources. Analysis of the results indicate that the central distal‐fan and mid‐fan aquifers are the best places to extract clean and safe groundwater for irrigation, and the deep aquifer (exceeding 200 m depth) has wider regions with clean and safe groundwater for irrigation than shallow aquifers. The northern and southern aquifers, with multiple hazards, limit groundwater use for irrigation. Although the proximal‐fan aquifer is a zone of groundwater recharge, the high nitrogen content seriously affects the environment and is not suitable for irrigation use. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A framework to estimate sediment loads using distributions with covariates: Beaurivage River watershed (Québec,Canada)     

A. Mailhot  A. N. Rousseau  G. Talbot  P. Gagnon  R. Quilbé 《水文研究》2008,22(26):4971-4985

A framework to estimate sediment loads based on the statistical distribution of sediment concentrations and various functional forms relating distribution characteristics (e.g. mean and variance) to covariates is developed. The covariates are used as surrogates to represent the main processes involved in sediment generation and transport. Statistical models of increasing complexity are built and compared to assess their relative performance using available sediment concentration and covariate data. Application to the Beaurivage River watershed (Québec, Canada) is conducted using data for the 1989–2004 period. The covariates considered in this application are streamflow and calendar day. A comparison of different statistical models shows that, in this case, the log‐normal distribution with a mean value depending on streamflow (power law with an additive term) and calendar day (sinusoidal), a constant coefficient of variation for streamflow dependence and a constant standard deviation for calendar day dependence provide the best result. Model parameters are estimated using the maximum likelihood estimation technique. The selected model is then used to estimate the distribution of annual sediment loads for the Beaurivage River watershed for a selected period. A bootstrap parametric method is implemented to account for uncertainties in parameter values and to build the distributions of annual loads. Comparison of model results with estimates obtained using the empirical ratio estimator shows that the latter were rarely within the 0·1–0·9 quantile interval of the distributions obtained with the proposed approach. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Uncertainties in real‐time flood forecasting with neural networks     

Dawei Han  Terence Kwong  Simon Li 《水文研究》2007,21(2):223-228

Although artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been applied in rainfall runoff modelling for many years, there are still many important issues unsolved that have prevented this powerful non‐linear tool from wide applications in operational flood forecasting activities. This paper describes three ANN configurations and it is found that a dedicated ANN for each lead‐time step has the best performance and a multiple output form has the worst result. The most popular form with multiple inputs and single output has the average performance. In comparison with a linear transfer function (TF) model, it is found that ANN models are uncompetitive against the TF model in short‐range predictions and should not be used in operational flood forecasting owing to their complicated calibration process. For longer range predictions, ANN models have an improved chance to perform better than the TF model; however, this is highly dependent on the training data arrangement and there are undesirable uncertainties involved, as demonstrated by bootstrap analysis in the study. To tackle the uncertainty issue, two novel approaches are proposed: distance analysis and response analysis. Instead of discarding the training data after the model's calibration, the data should be retained as an integral part of the model during its prediction stage and the uncertainty for each prediction could be judged in real time by measuring the distances against the training data. The response analysis is based on an extension of the traditional unit hydrograph concept and has a very useful potential to reveal the hydrological characteristics of ANN models, hence improving user confidence in using them in real time. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Spatially distributed observations in constraining inundation modelling uncertainties     

Micha Werner  Sarka Blazkova  Jiri Petr 《水文研究》2005,19(16):3081-3096

The performance of two modelling approaches for predicting floodplain inundation is tested using observed flood extent and 26 distributed floodplain level observations for the 1997 flood event in the town of Usti nad Orlici in the Czech Republic. Although the one‐dimensional hydrodynamic model and the integrated one‐ and two‐dimensional model are shown to perform comparably against the flood extent data, the latter shows better performance against the distributed level observations. Comparable performance in predicting the extent of inundation is found to be primarily as a result of the urban reach considered, with flood extent constrained by road and railway embankments. Uncertainty in the elevation model used in both approaches is shown to have little effect on the reliability in predicting flood extent, with a greater impact on the ability in predicting the distributed level observations. These results show that reliability of flood inundation modelling in urban reaches, where flood risk assessment is of more interest than in more rural reaches, can be improved greatly if distributed observations of levels in the floodplain are used in constraining model uncertainties. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献