Bedload entrainment,travel lengths,step lengths,rest periods—studied with passive (iron,magnetic) and active (radio) tracer techniques     

Karl-Heinz Schmidt  Peter Ergenzinger 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1992,17(2):147-165

This paper reports results from bedload transport investigations with active (radio) and passive (iron, magnetic) tracers in the Lainbach, a step-pool mountain river, in Bavaria, Southern Germany. The spatial distributions of the iron tracers after flood events can be best described by exponential or Gamma distributions. There is some indication of a tendency of size-selective transport of the iron tracers, but there is also a considerable amount of scatter in the correlations between weight (size) and travel length owing to the masking influence of other variables, such as the shape of the particles and different positions in the river bed. The experiments with artificial magnetic tracers showed that elongated pebbles (rods) had the longest mean transport distance, platy ones (discs) remained relatively close to the starting points. The particles from the pool showed the greatest transport lengths and a 100 per cent chance of being eroded. The Pebble Transmitter System (PETSY) consists of transmitters implanted into individual pebbles, a computerized receiver, a stationary antenna system with an antenna switchboard, and a data logging system. The particles do not move continuously but in a series of transport steps and non-movement intervals. A single value for a given size-class is not adequate to describe the critical conditions of entrainment under natural circumstances. A probability approach is much more suitable. The critical unit discharges (total discharge divided by active channel width) along the measuring reach are dependent on river bed morphology. In the steps bedload needs higher unit discharges to be entrained. Once entrained, the transport of bedload is stochastic in nature and the single particle transport is controlled by the step lengths and the duration of rest periods. The distributions of both parameters can be approximated by exponential functions. Applying the stochastic concept proposed by Einstein the mean values of the random variables [step length] and [duration of rest period] measured with the PETSY technique were used for the simulation of spatial distributions of bedload particles from point sources. More field and laboratory data are needed to include varying flow and roughness conditions with tracers representing different particle characteristics.  相似文献   

Flood estimation in Mahanadi river system,India using partial duration series     

Nibedita Guru  Ramakar Jha 《Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards》2016,10(2):135-145

Flood frequency analysis is a pre-requisite for setting up and safeguarding of many hydraulic structures, such as dams, barrages, check-dams, culverts and urban drainage systems. In the flood frequency analysis, partial duration series (PDS) may be considered when dealing with values exceeding certain limits causing floods. In fact, the PDS is capable of getting more information about extreme events than the annual maximum series (AMS). Additionally, an assumption that, the magnitude of the extreme events of a PDS is best described by a generalized Pareto (GP) distribution. The present work investigates the at-site flood frequency analysis to find the average number of peaks (λ) for modelling the PDS on the basis of the PDS/GP assumption and variability in the GP parameters coupled with the quantile estimation with an increase in the value of average number of peaks (λ) each year in the Mahanadi river system, Odisha, India. Also, to verify the PDS/GP assumption we tested seven different frequency distributions (Exponential, Gumbel, logistics, generalized extreme value (GEV), Lognormal (LN), generalized logistics (GL) and Pearson Type 3). Extensive daily discharge data collected from 23 gauging sites were used for the analysis. The results indicate precision and stability of GP distribution parameters for λ?=?4 for almost all the discharge sites. The peak flood estimated for various return periods in the Mahanadi river system using GP distribution is endowed with high correlation statistics for this λ value.  相似文献   

渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷大柳泉地区F8断裂不同时期输导油气能力对油气成藏贡献     

于英华  陈达  袁红旗  张亚雄  曹文瑞 《地质论评》2021,67(3):67040010-67040010

为了研究渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷大柳泉地区F8断裂附近油气分布规律,在F8断裂不同时期输导油气通道及分布特征研究的基础上,通过F8断裂活动期伴生裂缝通道及停止活动后凸面脊通道输导油气能力评价,结合F8断裂附近油气分布规律,对F8断裂不同时期输导油气能力对成藏贡献进行了研究,结果表明：F8断裂第二条伴生裂缝通道输导油气能力明显强于第一条伴生裂缝通道输导油气能力,第二条伴生裂缝通道输导油气能力从沙四上亚段（即古近系沙河街组四段上亚段,余类推）至沙三中亚段增强,从沙三中亚段至沙三上亚段减弱,而第一条伴生裂缝通道输导油气能力从沙四上亚段至沙三中亚段增强较慢,从沙三中亚段至沙三上亚段输导油气能力增强较快。F8断裂第1、2条凸面脊通道输导油气能力明显较第3、4条凸面脊通道输导油气能力要强,第1条凸面脊通道输导油气能力从沙三下亚段至沙三中亚段明显减弱,但从沙三中亚段至沙三上亚段变化不大,第2条凸面脊通道输导油气能力从沙四上亚段至沙三中亚段增强,从沙三中亚段至沙二段减弱,从沙二段至馆陶组快速增强;第3条凸面脊通道输导油气能力由沙四上亚段至沙三下亚段变化不大,从沙三下亚段至沙三上亚段快速增大,从沙三上亚段至沙二段变化不大,从沙二段至馆陶组快速减小。第4条凸面脊通道疏导油气能力从沙三下亚段至沙三上亚段快速增加,从沙三上亚段至沙二段快速减小,从沙二段至馆陶组减小缓慢。F8断裂活动期伴生裂缝通道输导油气能力对成藏的贡献无论是在平面上还是在剖面上均大于停止活动后凸面脊通道输导油气能力对成藏的贡献。  相似文献   

浙江省分钟降水自记纸信息化数据与人工读取数据的对比及适用性分析     

刘樱  马浩  杨明 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2019,13(4):128-134

为了探讨信息化分钟降水自记纸数据在短历时时段下的适应能力,对比评估了1980-2000年浙江省19个国家基本（准）站信息化后的分钟降水自记纸数据和同期人工读取降水数据。利用滑动求和的方法提取信息化分钟降水不同历时下每年最大降水量,并使用偏差百分率、方差比、偏差概率、相关分析等统计方法,对比分析了信息化后的分钟降水自记数据与人工读取数据的时空特征差异及信息化数据的适用性。研究结果表明：信息化后的分钟降水数据与人工观测数据的结果在整体及单次降水过程中的表现较为一致,数值上整体略偏小,相关系数达到0.99。30min以上历时信息化后分钟数据与人工校核数据非常接近,且稳定性很高。信息化后分钟数据计算结果比人工读取结果更为客观,可以较好地代替人工读取结果的同时,有效地弥补了自动气象站建站之前逐分钟降水资料记录的空缺,为计算暴雨强度公式、设计暴雨雨型等需要长时间序列分钟降水的研究工作奠定了基础。  相似文献   

Joint occurrence period of wind speed and wave height based on both service term and risk probability     

DONG Sheng  FAN Dunqiu  TAO Shanshan 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2012,11(4):488-494

Return periods calculated for different environmental conditions are key parameters for ocean platform design.Many codes for offshore structure design give no consideration about the correlativity among multi-loads and over-estimate design values.This frequently leads to not only higher investment but also distortion of structural reliability analysis.The definition of design return period in existing codes and industry criteria in China are summarized.Then joint return periods of different ocean environmental parameters are determined from the view of service term and danger risk.Based on a bivariate equivalent maximum entropy distribution,joint design parameters are estimated for the concomitant wave height and wind speed at a site in the Bohai Sea.The calculated results show that even if the return period of each environmental factor,such as wave height or wind speed,is small,their combinations can lead to larger joint return periods.Proper design criteria for joint return period associated with concomitant environmental conditions will reduce structural size and lead to lower investment of ocean platforms for the exploitation of marginal oil field.  相似文献   

广东信宜贵子地区构造演化及找矿方向探讨     

吕东霖  赵朋  张化南  周迪 《地质与资源》2014,23(5):486-491

通过对广东信宜贵子地区地质构造发展演化阶段和地质事件分析,确定地壳具有多旋回演化的特点,经历了地槽发展阶段（新太古代-早古生代）、准地台发展阶段（中泥盆世-早石炭世）和大陆边缘活动带阶段（晚三叠世-全新世）3个大地构造演化阶段.依据矿床成矿地质条件、矿产类型的研究,对各时代的成矿作用进行了总结,确定调查区内存在3个主要成矿期.根据矿床成矿作用、成矿时代、矿产分布和矿床地质特征探讨了找矿方向,在区内共划分出11个找矿远景区.  相似文献   

1971-2012年珠穆朗玛峰地区极端降水事件变化研究     

路红亚  杜军  袁雷  廖健 《冰川冻土》2014,36(3):563-572

利用西藏珠穆朗玛峰地区5个气象站点1971-2012年逐日降水量资料,采用滑动平均、线性回归、Mann-Kendall非参数检验和Morlet小波分析等方法,分析了珠穆朗玛峰地区极端降水事件的时空变化特征. 结果表明：1971-2012年42 a来,珠穆朗玛峰地区大部分极端降水指数呈现出自东向西逐渐增大的空间分布格局, 连续干旱日数、连续湿日和降水强度表现为增加趋势,其他极端降水指数趋于减少. 其中,强降水量、极强降水量和年降水总量减幅较大,分别为-5.74 mm·（10a）^-1、-1.20 mm·（10a）^-1和-5.32 mm·（10a）^-1,在喜马拉雅山南坡的聂拉木站表现的最为明显. 大部分极端降水指数在21世纪最初的10 a减幅最大,在30 a际尺度上也表现为减少趋势. 除连续干旱日数外,极端降水与年降水总量关系密切. 各项极端降水指数都存在3～4 a显著周期,也存在10 a、12 a和15 a的周期. 在时间转折上,各项极端降水指数均未发生气候突变.  相似文献   

重庆地区小地震目录完整性分析     

秦娟  蔡辉腾  李光  王宏超 《华南地震》2012,32(1):61-67

根据重庆台网建设的时间阶段性,在对不同震级下限地震频度时间特征分析的基础上,研究了重庆地区不同时段的G-R关系和震级分布特征,并运用z检验方法对不同时段地震目录差异的显著性进行了分析,进而评估了重庆地区1970年以来不同时段的地震目录完整性,为区域地震活动性研究中地震目录的合理运用提供参考依据。  相似文献   

Rate of Carbon Storage in Soil of Natural and Degraded Mangrove Forest in Peninsular Malaysia          下载免费PDF全文

Zhila Hemati  Mahmood Hossain  Chijioke U. Emenike  Mohamad Zakaria Rozainah 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2015,43(4):614-619

  相似文献   

鸡西盆地下白垩统城子河—穆棱组油气藏成藏期次研究     

张庆飞  郭巍  丁鸿儒  李文强  杨绪海  张丛  刘孟骐 《世界地质》2017,36(2):552

对鸡西盆地城子河组、穆棱组岩石薄片进行显微镜下观察,挑选包裹体发育的样品切制包裹体薄片,在冷热台上开展流体包裹体均一温度测试,结合鸡西盆地的埋藏史和热史,探讨研究区城子河组、穆棱组的油气运移期次以及成藏时间。研究结果表明,研究区发生过两期四个幕次的油气运移事件,可划分为80~77 Ma和45~38 Ma两个期次,其中,城子河组有过三幕油气运移,充注时间分别为80 Ma、45 Ma及38 Ma,穆棱组在77 Ma发生过一幕油气充注。本次研究结果与鸡西盆地经历的两次构造运动相吻合:即(1)库拉板块(活动期120~65 Ma)对中国大陆边缘作用影响;(2)始新世—渐新世,约40 Ma的喜山早期运动,每次构造运动都伴随着油气运聚事件。  相似文献