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11.
采用1948-2005年NCEP/NCAR全球气温和随机序列分别构建气温关联矩阵和随机关联矩阵并进行比较,发现气温关联矩阵既存在关联"噪声",又存在真实关联;格点气温序列之间既存在临近格点间的短程关联,又存在如厄尔尼诺、三大洋暖池等区域格点间的远程关联.不同时间尺度,这两种关联的表现各有差异,1-10天等小尺度情况下,格点间的关联以短程关联为主;15天及以上尺度短程关联比例显著下降,长程关联有所上升.对关联矩阵和随机关联矩阵求解本征值和本征矢量发现,格点气温序列之间的关联信息主要包含在几个较大本征值所对应的本征矢量中,且格点气温序列在这些本征矢量上的投影能够在一定程度上体现全球气温变化的整体特征.此外,格点气温序列的关联性在时间和空间上均存在显著的变异性,主要表现为1950-1956年、1972-1977年和1996-2000年3个时段相对较高,而1978-1982年和1991-1996年则均值相对较低,存在显著的准10-20年周期振荡;关联系数的空间分布在上述两类尺度下均表现为沿纬向呈准带状分布,但1天尺度的纬向平均具有较好的对称性,由于海陆差异的原因,15天尺度的纬向对称性相对较差,而15天尺度的经向平均具有一定的准对称性. 相似文献
12.
The bright band, a layer of enhanced radar reflectivity associated with melting ice particles, is a major source of significant overestimation in quantitative precipitation estimation(QPE) based on the Z–R(reflectivity factor–rain rate) relationship.The effects of the bright band on radar-based QPE can be eliminated by vertical profile of reflectivity(VPR) correction. In this study, we applied bright-band correction algorithms to evaluate three different bands(S-, C-and X-band) of dual-polarized radars and to reduce overestimation errors in Z–R relationship–based QPEs. After the reflectivity was corrected by the algorithms using average VPR(AVPR) alone and a combination of average VPR and the vertical profile of the copolar correlation coefficient(AVPR+CC), the QPEs were derived. The bright-band correction and resulting QPEs were evaluated in eight precipitation events by comparing to the uncorrected reflectivity and rain-gauge observations, separately. The overestimation of Z–R relationship–based QPEs associated with the bright band was reduced after correction by the two schemes for which hourly rainfall was less than 5 mm. For the verification metrics of RMSE(root-mean-square error), RMAE(relative mean absolute error) and RMB(relative mean bias) of QPEs, averaged over all eight cases, the AVPR method improved from 2.28,0.94 and 0.78 to 1.55, 0.60 and 0.40, respectively, while the AVPR+CC method improved to 1.44, 0.55 and 0.30, respectively.The QPEs after AVPR+CC correction had less overestimation than those after AVPR correction, and similar conclusions were drawn for all three different bands of dual-polarized radars. 相似文献