Influence of object concentration on finite strain and effective viscosity contrast: insights from naturally deformed packstones     

Stefano Vitale  Stefano Mazzoli 《Journal of Structural Geology》2005,27(12):2135-2149

Deformed conglomerates and ooidal/oncoidal packstones are commonly used to evaluate finite strain in deformed sedimentary successions. In order to obtain a correct estimate of finite strain, it is necessary to consider not only the different behaviour of matrix and objects, but also object concentration. The analysis of two-component rocks characterised by high values of packing commonly results in a substantial underestimate of bulk strain and of viscosity contrast between objects and matrix. In this study, the effects of the volumetric fraction of competent inclusions on both object and bulk measured finite strain, as well as on apparent viscosity contrast, have been investigated in naturally deformed packstones characterised by variable object concentration on the scale of the hand specimen (and hence for homogenous viscosity contrast). Object finite strain has been obtained by Rf/ analysis, whereas the Fry method provides a measure of whole-rock strain that is also a function of inclusion concentration. Therefore, the finite strain measured by the Fry method is better termed effective bulk strain. In order to investigate the role of object concentration, this parameter has been plotted against object and effective bulk strain, and also against viscosity contrast. These diagrams show that: (i) for high values of packing, measured object and effective bulk strain show values that are significantly lower with respect to the calculated maximum value (that would result in the ideal case of no particle interaction and represents therefore the real bulk strain of the samples); (ii) the viscosity contrast shows lower values with respect to the calculated maximum one (that is equal for the three principal sections of the finite strain ellipsoid), and as packing reaches the maximum value, the viscosity contrast approaches a unit value. Empirical equations have also been found that link object concentration with both object and effective bulk finite strain.  相似文献   

鄂东南铁山不对称鱼嘴状石香肠构造基质层中的应变分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

储玲林  李志勇  曾佐勋 《地质科学》2006,41(4):694-699

利用惯量椭圆法对鄂东南铁山不对称鱼嘴状石香肠构造基质层中不同位置的方解石进行二维有限应变测量。运动学涡度以及相关参数的等值线分布图表明:不对称鱼嘴状石香肠构造基质层中的应变分布是不均匀的。基质层中,靠近断开的能干层处的剪切变形中纯剪切占优势,伸长方向趋向于平行剪切方向;而靠近连续的能干层处的剪切变形中简单剪切占优势,伸长方向趋向于垂直剪切方向。  相似文献   

Influence of fluids on deep crustal Jabalpur earthquake of 21, May 1997: Geophysical evidences     

B. Ramalingeswara Rao  Vijay Kumar Rao 《Journal of Seismology》2006,10(3):301-314

We present the geophysical evidences on the role of fluids for generation of the lower crustal Jabalpur earthquake (21 May 1997, mb 6.0, Mw 5.8), in the mid-continental fracture zone of the Indian Peninsular Shield. With a focal depth of 35 km, it indicates a high angled (< 62^∘ enclosed with maximum principal stress direction) reverse fault with small component of left-lateral strike slip in the lower crust. The Son-Narmada-Tapti (SONATA) magalineament, during the past two centuries, has experienced about 25 moderate to strong earthquakes; two of which namely the Son Valley (1927, M 6.5) and Jabalpur (21 May 1997) were disastrous. Historical earthquakes and recent earthquake swarms indicate a moderate to high seismicity in SONATA belt that is due to high strain accumulation, flexuring of the crust and neotectonic movements of the faults in the rift zones. By analyzing geophysical parameters such as Zero-Free air-based (ZFb) gravity anomalies (∼ −10 to –30 mGals), heat flow values (45–47 mWm⁻²), magneto-telluric values (1- Ohm m), strain rate (1.5 × 10⁻⁸) and failure stress conditions, we identify plausible causative factors for the occurrence of lower crustal earthquake in this region Fluids, due to dehydration of serpentinite in the lower crust, are suggested to be present in the earthquake source zone. The estimated pore-fluid factor for the Jabalpur earthquake (λ _v ) is 0.95. The diffusion of pore-pressure relaxation, represented as pressure perturbation generated by coseismic stress change was seen in the form of swarm activity two years prior to the Jabalpur earthquake. We suggest the existence of a deep pre-fractured zone with low shear stress (τ = 15–18 MPa) that indicates the presence of fluid filled fractured mafic material in the felsic crust, in critical state of unstable failure condition, and also fluid driven migration of swarm activity before the Jabalpur earthquake.  相似文献   

Hydraulic evaluation of aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) with urban stormwater in a brackish limestone aquifer     

Paul Pavelic  Peter J. Dillon  Karen E. Barry  Nabil Z. Gerges 《Hydrogeology Journal》2006,14(8):1544-1555

A 5-year aquifer storage and recovery trial at Andrews Farm in South Australia involving the injection of more than 250 ML (250,000 m³) of fresh but turbid stormwater into a brackish limestone aquifer over 4 years and recovery of 150 ML in the fifth provided the opportunity to evaluate rates of clogging and unclogging and the potential to recover water suitable for irrigation supplies. Results reveal there is some clogging by injected sediment, but only to a relatively small degree considering the high suspended solid concentrations and moderate aquifer transmissivity. This clogging was offset by increased matrix porosity through calcite dissolution and by routine well redevelopments after each 40 ML of injection. No significant microbial clogging occurred. Breakthrough responses at three observation wells and the proportion of injectant in the recovered water were determined from chloride data. Temperature and caliper profiles clearly indicate the heterogeneous nature of the aquifer that is attributed, in part, to sand removal during the initial well development. The recovery efficiency was greater than 60%. The trial demonstrates that urban stormwater containing high and variable particulate levels, which receives only passive pre-treatment and is not disinfected, can be used to freshen a heterogeneous brackish aquifer to create a useful water resource.  相似文献   

Rheological and kinematical responses to flow of two-phase rocks     

Yoshi-Taka Takeda  Albert Griera 《Tectonophysics》2006,427(1-4):95

Numerical simulations have been performed to investigate the strain-dependent behaviour of rheological and kinematical responses to flow of two-phase rocks using the commercial finite-difference program FLAC2D. It was assumed that the two phases have Maxwell rheology. Plane strain and velocity boundary condition, which produces a simple shear deformation, were also assumed. Two types of geometries were considered: strong phase supported (SPS) and weak phase supported (WPS). We calculated strain-dependent variations of effective viscosity and partitioning of strain rate, vorticity and kinematic vorticity number during deformation in both SPS and WPS structure models.The results show that the strain-dependent behaviour is largely influenced by the geometry of the composite. SPS models show both strain hardening and strain softening during the simulations, with strain hardening preceding strain softening. A critical shear strain is necessary to begin the strain softening behaviour. Strain hardening and strain softening are accompanied by a reduction and an increase of the partition of strain rate into the weak phase, respectively. On the other hand, WPS models show only weak strain hardening and strain softening, being the strain-dependent behaviour close to a steady state flow. In addition, the following results are obtained on vorticity and kinematic vorticity number; (1) in both SPS and WPS models the partition of vorticity into weak phase increases with progressive shear strain, i.e. the strong phase becomes less rotational, (2) in SPS models weak inclusions changes from sub-simple shear to super-simple shear with progressive strain, whereas the strong matrix changes from super-simple shear to sub-simple shear, (3) in WPS models the strong inclusions with high viscosity contrasts are less rotational but can be in super-simple shear condition to high strains.The observed strain-dependent behaviours have been compared with previous proposed analytical models. The degree of agreement is variable. Balshin and Ryshkewitch–Duckworth models are only applicable to SPS models. Ji-generalized mixture rule model is applicable to both models.The results suggest that polyphase rocks with SPS structure during ductile shear deformation respond as strain softening materials, after an initial strain hardening stage that may drive to the strain localization into the material.  相似文献   

空间数据库的备份与恢复     

潘宸  郑斌 《现代测绘》2006,29(2):41-42,48

空间数据的备份与恢复是保障空间数据安全的关键,也是GIS系统的重要环节之一。本文介绍了基于Oracle 9i和ArcSDE空间数据库的一些常用备份工具和方法,同时也介绍了利用Oracle备份机制来备份空间数据的几种方式,并就空间数据备份与恢复过程中容易出现的问题提出了自己的看法和建议。  相似文献   

Differencing Reveals Hidden Changes in Baseline Length Time-series     

H. Bâki Iz 《Journal of Geodesy》2006,80(5):259-269

In order to make successful earthquake predictions, detection and monitoring of baseline changes are important for investigating their origins, including precursory crustal deformations in tectonically active areas. In this study, differencing two baselines that run approximately parallel to each other and normal to the expected crustal deformations, and that share a station is proposed for analysis. Differencing reduces common systematic baseline errors, thereby enabling detection of subtle transient systematic changes in the baseline time-series that are otherwise buried in the measurement noise. Mean shift analysis, a well-known statistical technique to determine hether the mean of a stochastic process has shifted using cumulative sum charts, can then be used to locate the change points in the time-series. The application of this method to the differences of concurrently observed very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) and global positioning system (GPS) baselines in the Japanese Keystone project, where periodic and persistent baseline changes are removed, revealed transient variations in the baseline lengths several months prior to the seismic activity in the Izu Islands that started on June 26, 2000. Reproduction of the results using GPS and VLBI, two alternative baseline measurement techniques, validated the accuracy of the proposed approach for detecting previously hidden transient changes in the baseline lengths.  相似文献   

电阻应变式传感器及其在高应变桩基动测中的应用     

幕文斋  赵仪全 《高原地震》1997,(2)

论述了电阻应变式传感器的工作原理及在高应变桩基动测中的应用，并就消除非线性测量误差和温度补偿问题做了具体地分析。  相似文献   

单项形变,应变资料信息的提取方法     

薄万举  卢良玉 《内陆地震》1997,11(2):136-142

介绍了４种单项形变，应变资料信息提取方法，即多点组信息法，信息标准化方法，畸形参数法和信息丛集度法，按定义，μ值亦可归属多点相法，故对μ值法亦作介绍，这些方法提取出了新的信息，具有不同的新特点和应用范围，在实际应用中均初步取得了较好的效果。  相似文献   

弹性地球负荷潮汐应变的理论及计算     

胡延昌 《地震研究》1988,(4)

本文概述了弹性地球负荷潮汐应变的理论,研究了计算负荷勒甫数的递推算法,并对处理褶积积分的基本方法及过程作了讨论,给出了有关的工作公式。  相似文献