Effect of lateral viscosity variations in the top 300 km on the geoid and dynamic topography   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

O. &#;adek  L. Fleitout 《Geophysical Journal International》2003,152(3):566-580

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Multiscale dynamics of the Tonga–Kermadec subduction zone     

Magali I. Billen  Michael Gurnis  Mark Simons 《Geophysical Journal International》2003,153(2):359-388

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Nature of heterogeneity of the upper mantle beneath the northern Philippine Sea as inferred from attenuation and velocity tomography     

Azusa Shito  Takuo Shibutan 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》2003,140(4):331-341

We investigated the physical properties in the upper mantle beneath the Philippine Sea using a theoretical relation derived by Karato [Mapping water content in the upper mantle. Subduction factory, AGU Monograph, in press]. From the attenuation model of Shito and Shibutani [Phys. Earth Planet. Interact., in press] and the velocity model of Widiyantoro et al. [Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 173 (1999) 91], observed attenuation and velocity anomalies were evaluated to explain the temperature, water content, and chemical heterogeneities in the target area. The results indicate that the observed anomalies in the shallower regions (50–200 km) may be due to chemical composition effects (e.g., concentration of iron), in addition to the temperature and water content anomalies. In contrast, for the deep upper mantle (300–400 km), the observations can be explained by only the effects of high water content (10–50 times higher than the average mantle). These inferred properties of the mantle are consistent with the tectonic history of the Philippine Sea region, which has had a long history of subduction and active magmatism.  相似文献   

High-pressure partial melting of garnet pyroxenite: possible mafic lithologies in the source of ocean island basalts   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Tetsu Kogiso  Marc M Hirschmann 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2003,216(4):603-617

Many ocean island basalts (OIB) that have isotopic ratios indicative of recycled crustal components in their source are silica-undersaturated and unlike silicic liquids produced from partial melting of recycled mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB). However, experiments on a silica-deficient garnet pyroxenite, MIX1G, at 2.0-2.5 GPa show that some pyroxenite partial melts are strongly silica-undersaturated [M.M. Hirschmann et al., Geology 31 (2003) 481-484]. These low-pressure liquids are plausible parents of alkalic OIB, except that they are too aluminous. We present new partial melting experiments on MIX1G between 3.0 and 7.5 GPa. Partial melts at 5.0 GPa have low SiO₂ (<48 wt%), low Al₂O₃ (<12 wt%) and high CaO (>12 wt%) at moderate MgO (12-16 wt%), and are more similar to primitive OIB compositions than lower-pressure liquids of MIX1G or experimental partial melts of anhydrous or carbonated peridotite. Solidus temperatures at 5.0 and 7.5 GPa are 1625 and 1825°C, respectively, which are less than 50°C cooler than the anhydrous peridotite solidus. The liquidus temperature at 5.0 GPa is 1725°C, indicating a narrow melting interval (∼100°C). These melting relations suggest that OIB magmas can be produced by partial melting of a silica-deficient pyroxenite similar to MIX1G if its melting residue contains significant garnet and lacks olivine. Such silica-deficient pyroxenites could be produced by interaction between recycled subducted oceanic crust and mantle peridotite or could be remnants of ancient oceanic lower crust or delaminated lower continental crust. If such compositions are present in plumes ascending with potential temperatures of 1550°C, they will begin to melt at about 5.0 GPa and produce appropriate partial melts. However, such hot plumes may also generate partial melts of peridotite, which could dilute the pyroxenite-derived partial melts.  相似文献   

Nutrient and Radium Fluxes from Submarine Groundwater Discharge to Port Royal Sound, South Carolina   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

Andrew M. Crotwell  Willard S. Moore 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2003,9(3):191-208

Water exchange between the coastal ocean and underlying aquifers provides a newly-recognized source of materials to the ocean. The flux of materials into the ocean from this process is termed submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). Both surficial and semi-confined aquifers contribute to SGD. Here we use ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra to quantify fluxes of SGD to Port Royal Sound, South Carolina, and to separate fluxes from the Upper Floridan (UFA) and surficial aquifers. Higher activity ratios of ²²⁸/²²⁶Ra in the surficial aquifer make this separation possible. We estimate total SGD fluxes of about 100 m³ s^-1 with about 80% being derived from the surficial aquifer. The SGD flux provides about1.8 × 10⁶ mol d^-1 of NH4 with almost 90% from the surficial aquifer. Because of strong differences in the concentration of PO4 within the UFA, PO₄ fluxes areless certain. Using the UFA wells with low PO₄ concentrations yields a flux of 1.2 × 10⁵ mol d^-1; using wells with high concentrations yields a flux of 2.0 × 10⁵ mol d^-1. In the first case virtually all of the PO₄ flux is from the surficial aquifer; in the second case, 40% is from the UFA.The UFA in this region has experienced dramatic changes as a result of withdrawals for human use. Prior to these withdrawals, total nutrient fluxes from the UFA may have been even larger. These changes in the UFA and similar coastal aquifers worldwide have the potential to significantly alter a major nutrient source for the coastal ocean.  相似文献   

Seismic detectability of anomalous structure at the top of the Earth’s outer core with broadband array analysis of SmKS phases     

Satoru Tanaka 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》2004,141(3):141-152

I have examined precisely the differential travel times and waveforms of SmKS seismic phases propagating under the southern Indian Ocean obtained from African broadband seismic arrays. The SmKS phases analyzed in this study travel in the mantle with weak heterogeneity confirmed by a global tomographic study for the distance range of 115-135°. The SmKS differential times were obtained from a vespagram (a stack intensity on a time-slowness diagram), and comparison with the vespagram created from synthetic waveforms with PREM gives the travel-time residual for each event-array pair. Although the residuals of S3KS-S2KS times exhibit apparently a systematic dependence on epicentral distance, this is likely due to small-scale heterogeneity beneath the Oceania where is covered by the SmKS ray entering points at the CMB. Waveform modeling was applied to a record section with a small travel-time residual that suggests a small effect from the mantle heterogeneity on the data set, I found that a low-velocity zone in the outermost 50 km in the core rather than PREM can explain an additional arrival detected just after the S3KS phase. This result is still inconclusive because of the small number of data and non-uniqueness of the model and ambiguity due to mantle structure. However, accumulation of the precise measurement described in this study may help the reduction of uncertainty and trade-offs.  相似文献   

Multi-scale geotechnical features of dredger fills and subsidence risk evaluation in reclaimed land using BN     

Linbo Wu  Jianxiu Wang  Jie Zhou  Tianliang Yang  Xuexin Yan  Yu Zhao 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2020,38(8):947-969

Abstract

Shanghai has the largest newly reclaimed area in China’s coastal regions, and dredger fills are universally distributed in reclaimed lands there. Multi-scale geotechnical properties of dredger fills in region-scale (>1?km²), site-scale (1?m²–1?km²), mesoscale (1?cm²–1 m²), and microscale (1?µm²–1?cm²) were studied mainly through cone penetration investigation, borehole investigation, and microscopic inspections. Dredger impact craters, soil structures, and soil textures were investigated qualitatively and quantitatively to identify the dredger fills. Ultimate land subsidence since 1 July 2018 and land subsidence velocity characterized by the land subsidence from 1 July 2018 to 1 January 2019 were evaluated in Shanghai’s typical reclaimed regions. Afterwards, Bayesian network including sixteen variables was proposed for land subsidence risk assessment. Surface subsidence, land subsidence velocity, and comprehensive land subsidence were the most sensitive to data point location and average initial void ratio of underlying strata. These three risk variables were also highly correlated to the thickness of the dredger fill layer and the reclamation time. This finding indicates that variances of the four independent variables (i.e., data point location, average initial void of underlying strata, land reclamation time, and thickness of dredger fill layer) significantly decide variances of the three risk levels.  相似文献   

Aquifer architecture analysis using ground-penetrating radar: Triassic and Quaternary examples (S. Germany)     

U. Asprion  T. Aigner 《Environmental Geology》1997,31(1-2):66-75

 Applying the concept of "analogue studies" long used in reservoir characterization, outcrop analogues in two aquifer units of Southern Germany have been investigated: Upper Triassic (Keuper) alluvial sandstones (Stubensandstein) and Quaternary glaciofluvial gravels. Architectural element analysis of the outcrops is combined with ground-penetrating radar profiles derived a few meters behind the outcrop walls. Such calibration is used to better understand the three-dimensional sedimentary architecture. Many sedimentary units at the same time represent hydraulic flow units and are characterized by specific radar signatures. This approach leads to promising results, not only in unconsolidated aquifers but also in fully consolidated sedimentary rocks. Our studies will lead to a database with which more realistic predictions of the hydraulic behaviour of sedimentary aquifers systems, needed for numerical hydrogeological simulations, will be possible. Received: 17 June 1996 · Accepted: 12 August 1996  相似文献   

Fate and transport of volatile organic compounds in glacial till and groundwater at an industrial site in Northern Ireland     

D.?H.?PhillipsEmail author  A.?O.?Thomas  K.?Forde  K.?Dickson  S.?Plant  G.?Norris  B.?Bone  R.?M.?Kalin 《Environmental Geology》2007,52(6):1117-1131

Volatile organic compound (VOC) contamination of subsurface geological material and groundwater was discovered on the Nortel Monkstown industrial site, Belfast, Northern Ireland. The objectives of this study were to (1) investigate the characteristics of the geological material and its influences on contaminated groundwater flow across the site using borehole logs and hydrological evaluations, and (2) identify the contaminants and examine their distribution in the subsurface geological material and groundwater using chemical analysis. This report focuses on the eastern car park (ECP) which was a former storage area associated with trichloroethene (TCE) degreasing operations. This is where the greatest amount of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particularly TCE, were detected. The study site is on a complex deposit of clayey glacial till with discontinuous coarser grained lenses, mainly silts, sands and gravel, which occur at 0.45–7.82 m below ground level (bgl). The lenses overall form an elongated formation that acts as a small unconfined shallow aquifer. There is a continuous low permeable stiff clayey till layer beneath the lenses that performs as an aquitard to the groundwater. Highest concentrations of VOCs, mainly TCE, in the geological material and groundwater are in these coarser lenses at ∼4.5–7 m bgl. Highest TCE measurements at 390,000 μg L⁻¹ for groundwater and at 39,000 μg kg⁻¹ at 5.7 m for geological material were in borehole GA19 in the coarse lens zone. It is assumed that TCE gained entrance to the subsurface near this borehole where the clayey till was thin to absent above coarse lenses which provided little retardation to the vertical migration of this dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) into the groundwater. However, TCE is present in low concentrations in the geological material overlying the coarse lens zone. Additionally, VOCs appear to be associated with poorly drained layers and in peat <3.0 m bgl in the ECP. Some indication of natural attenuation as VOCs degradation products vinyl chloride (VC) and dichloromethane (DCM) also occur on the site.  相似文献   

富县探区低孔低渗砂体的成因类型与层内非均质模式   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

陈景山  周彦  彭军  谭秀成  王明献  苟迎春 《沉积学报》2007,25(1):53-58

根据露头剖面、钻井、岩芯、分析化验、测井等资料的沉积相精细分析,鄂尔多斯盆地富县探区上三叠统延长组长6段主要发育三角洲、湖泊和湖底扇三种沉积相,在其中识别出的砂体成因类型主要有分流河道、河口坝、远砂坝、重力流水道、远源浊积等10种不同微相类型的砂体,它们的孔隙度分布于2.20%～14.90%,渗透率为0.01×10-3～6.50×10-3μm2,多数属于低孔低渗储层类型。导致这些砂体最终演变成低孔低渗储层的主要原因是沉积期后的压实作用和胶结充填作用,求得压实损孔率为18%～19％,胶结充填损孔率平均约为9％,最终使这些砂体的现今平均孔隙度仅在10％左右。根据单砂体内粒度、孔隙度、渗透率等储层参数及其测井响应特征在垂向上的变化型式,区分出孔渗向上变差型、孔渗向上变好型、复合型、复杂型等四种基本类型的层内非均质模式,分析并指出了前三种层内非均质性主要受控于砂体微相类型、沉积水动力、沉积物粒度、沉积序列等因素,而复杂型层内非均质性则主要与砂体内差异胶结作用、差异埋藏溶蚀作用等成岩改造因素有关。  相似文献