黄河三角洲（东营）油气资源开发区地面沉降监测成果分析     

宋波 《城市地质》2013,(4):40-43

2002年8月在淄博市临淄区齐都镇设立了3块岩层水准标石的原点组。本次使用美国Trimblc DiNi12电子水准仪和条码式铟钢水准标尺施测一等精密水准35km,二等精密水准230km,联测各类水准点66个。对观测结果进行统计与分析表明,在黄河三角洲（东营）油气资源开发区（大王镇津青67号为中心,义和镇D65为中心、黄河路与西四路交叉D37为中心）形成了3个较明显的沉降区域,年沉降量分别为149.2mm、99mm和38.1mm。建议在城区内适当的位置埋设一组土层分层观测标,在人员、时间和观测次数上进行统一。通过分析各观测点的变化规律并结合水文地质资料,对沉降原因及规律做出较深入的解释。  相似文献   

科学与技术并进——近20年来海底峡谷浊流观测的成就和挑战   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

徐景平 《地球科学进展》2013,28(5):552-558

自1993年至今,美国地质调查局的科学家及其合作伙伴在美国西海岸的Monterey海底峡谷进行了针对现代浊流过程的一系列基础性研究,并成功地在世界上首次实地测量到高精度浊流流速及粒度参数.近20年来的数据和知识积累为解释海底峡谷内沉积物和其他颗粒物质输运的机理,以及浊流在维持深海峡谷中生机勃勃的生态系统所起的重要作用提供了直接依据.通过展示把海底观测应用于海洋沉积动力学研究过程中的成果、经验、教训,以及介绍目前还在讨论中的研究计划,以期达到以下宏观论点:在海洋科学里,只有科学与技术不脱节的科研团队才有希望获得成果和突破.  相似文献   

1∶25万区调中第四系深覆盖区野外工作方法研究——以淮安市幅为例          下载免费PDF全文

郭盛乔  张祥云  葛云 《江苏地质》2013,37(4):509-514

以淮安市幅区域地质调查为背景,总结了第四系深覆盖区的野外地质调查方法。主要步骤为：（1）根据已有资料总结区域地质特征,通过踏勘、遥感解译和地貌分析布置野外路线;（2）应用点线法确定调查路线方向与精度;（3）根据居民点分布、地形变化和野生草本植物组合准确判断地质界线;（4）针对不同地层时代、微地貌、成因类型确定槽形钻揭露深度;（5）地质观察点布置在地层时代、微地貌类型、成因类型等界线上,用槽形钻揭露,垂直界线两侧各打1个槽形钻来确定地质界线点位置。  相似文献   

塔里木盆地热液流体活动及其对油气运移的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

金之钧  朱东亚  孟庆强  胡文瑄 《岩石学报》2013,29(3):1048-1058

塔里木盆地奥陶系灰岩孔洞和裂缝中都可以见到大量的方解石充填,可以分为三种类型,即孔中方解石胶结物、CⅠ方解石脉和CⅡ方解石脉.CⅡ方解石脉具有较高的87Sr/86Sr比值,位于0.709103 ～0.710593之间,平均值为0.709538;较轻的碳氧同位素组成,其δ13CPDB值位于-5.67‰～-1.70‰之间,平均值为-2.95‰,δ18OPDB值位于-14.28‰～-7.88‰之间,平均值为-10.39‰.CⅡ方解石脉中的流体包裹体具有较高的均一温度,各样品平均值位于120.O～ 180.0℃之间.孔中方解石胶结物和CⅠ方解石脉在同位素组成和流体包裹体均一温度上较为一致,但都与CⅡ方解石脉有着显著的差别.综合比较各项分析测试结果,认为CⅡ方解石脉的形成与深部热液流体作用有关,而孔中方解石和CⅠ方解石脉则是从地层水中沉淀形成的.从热液流体中沉淀形成的CⅡ方解石脉中可见一定数量的油气包裹体,并且包裹体气相成分中除含有CO2外,还含有一定量的CH4和C2H6等有机组分.这些特征表明了热液流体在从深部向浅部活动过程中携带并促使了油气向浅部地层的运移.CⅡ方解石脉所具有的较轻的碳同位素组成是有机成因的CO2/CO32-在热液流体溶解携带油气时混入进了热液流体中的结果.热液流体主要通过降低原油粘度、减小油水界面张力来减小油气运移阻力,并能携带部分油气,从而促使油气沿断裂裂缝体系向浅部地层运移.  相似文献   

新疆博格达山北麓二叠系油页岩成矿特征及资源潜力   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

齐雪峰  吴晓智  唐勇  赵亮 《地质科学》2013,48(4):1271-1285

博格达山北麓山前弧形冲断褶皱带上发育强烈变形的二叠系油页岩,产出层位为中二叠统芦草沟组。纵向上芦草沟组上段油页岩较下段发育,而品质下段好于上段,横向上以阜康县三工河地区油页岩最发育,含油率高,由此向东、向西两侧油页岩逐渐减薄,品质降低。芦草沟组油页岩形成于高盐度的半深水-深水陆缘近海湖泊环境,属低熟-成熟优质生油岩。油页岩产状以纸状、层状和砂质油页岩3种类型为主,纸状油页岩品质最好。利用体积法估算博格达山北麓芦草沟组油页岩资源为652.39×10⁸t,技术可采油页岩资源量226.5×10⁸t,页岩油资源量为54×10⁸t,技术可采页岩油资源量18.8×10⁸t,可回收页岩油资源量14.1×10⁸t。三工河地区油页岩品质好,厚度大,埋藏浅,油页岩和页岩油资源量大,是进一步勘查与开发的首选地区。  相似文献   

Understanding the optical responses of leaf nitrogen in Mediterranean Holm oak (Quercus ilex) using field spectroscopy     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2014

The direct estimation of nitrogen (N) in fresh vegetation is challenging due to its weak influence on leaf reflectance and the overlaps with absorption features of other compounds. Different empirical models relate in this work leaf nitrogen concentration ([N]_Leaf) on Holm oak to leaf reflectance as well as derived spectral indices such as normalized difference indices (NDIs), the three bands indices (TBIs) and indices previously used to predict leaf N and chlorophyll. The models were calibrated and assessed their accuracy, robustness and the strength of relationship when other biochemicals were considered. Red edge was the spectral region most strongly correlated with [N]_Leaf, whereas most of the published spectral indexes did not provide accurate estimations. NDIs and TBIs based models could achieve robust and acceptable accuracies (TBI_{1310,1720,730}: R² = 0.76, [0.64,0.86]; RMSE (%) = 9.36, [7.04,12.83]). These models sometimes included indices with bands close to absorption features of N bonds or nitrogenous compounds, but also of other biochemicals. Models were independently and inter-annually validated using the bootstrap method, which allowed discarding those models non-robust across different years. Partial correlation analysis revealed that spectral estimators did not strongly respond to [N]_Leaf but to other leaf variables such as chlorophyll and water, even if bands close to absorption features of N bonds or compounds were present in the models.  相似文献   

Effect of field plot location on estimating tropical forest above-ground biomass in Nepal using airborne laser scanning data     

《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2014

The prediction of tropical forest attributes using airborne laser scanning (ALS) is becoming attractive as an alternative to traditional field measurements. Area-based ALS inventories require a set of representative field plots from the study area, which may be difficult to obtain in tropical forests with limited accessibility. This study investigates the effect of sample-plot selection in Nepal, based on two accessibility factors: distance to road and degree of slope. The sparse Bayesian method was employed in the model to estimate above-ground biomass (AGB) with an independent validation dataset for model validation. Study findings showed that the sample plot distance and slope had a considerable effect on the accuracy of the AGB estimation, because the forest structure varied according to the level of accessibility. Thus, the field sample plots that are used in model construction should cover the full range of sample plot distances and slopes occurring within the area.  相似文献   

Estimating effective shale area distributions from subsurface data     

《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2014

Estimation of shale bed continuity is needed in reservoir modeling and simulation as these constitute permeability barriers and baffles. However, efforts to characterize continuity of shale beds from 2D outcrop or well log sections lack critical 3D geometry and areal dimensions. A different approach is to estimate shale bed continuity by measuring the “effective shale area”. While it is a more indirect measure of shale bed continuity as it relies upon the sealing capacity of shales in selected, well-documented field examples, it eliminates the problem of the unknown but critical third dimension. Analyses of effective shale area distributions are made within structurally simple fields where hydrocarbon contacts were directly controlled by the sealing shales being measured, and faulting is limited. Datasets are exclusive to siliciclastic reservoirs formed in paleoenvironments ranging from non-marine to shallow water marine.Results show that effective shale areas are separated into two distinct distributions of fully marine versus non-marine/marginal marine origin. Shales deposited in non-marine to marginal marine paleoenvironments display smaller areas where effective sealing capacity is reduced by channel body incision. In fields where hydrocarbon columns are sealed by fully marine shale, larger areas are supported, often but not always, approaching structural spill points. In the case of reservoirs capped by these marine flooding shales, one can logically infer an abrupt decrease in channelization and resulting sizeable increase in continuity of shale bed seals.Similar shale types in traps formed in different structural regimes (e.g. extensional versus contractional domains) show comparable areal distributions, supporting use of data from different locations where the controls on hydrocarbon seal areas are well known. All shales measured here are areally large and would probably be accommodated in reservoir simulation deterministically, but use of the dimensions provided here would clearly be an aid in situations where a limited number of field appraisal wells are available. Discriminating between deterministic shales and stochastic shales, which are several orders of magnitude smaller in size, is also important for reservoir modeling and simulation. Results shown here should also be of great utility as input into discovery appraisal and field development scenario construction.  相似文献   

Influence of hydrocarbon injection on the compaction by pressure-solution of a carbonate rock: An experimental study under triaxial stresses     

《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2014

The preservation of good petrophysical properties (high porosity/high permeability) at great depth in carbonate rocks may lead to the existence of a deeply buried reservoir (DBR), a target of interest for the oil industry. One of the key processes controlling diagenesis of the burial environment is Pressure Solution Creep (PSC), an efficient compaction process responsible for the evolution of porosity and permeability in many carbonate reservoirs. In this experimental study, we examine the effect of i) the presence of oil in the pore space and ii) its timing of injection on the PSC process and the petrophysical properties of a carbonate rock. The experiments were performed using a flow-through high-pressure cell, allowing the simulation of the pressure/stresses and temperature conditions of a DBR. Multi-disciplinary data (mechanical, chemical, petrographical and petrophysical) demonstrate that, without oil in the pore space, the main diagenetic process is the PSC, a process reducing by three the initial porosity but having no influence on intrinsic water permeability. An early injection of oil prior to water circulation causes the inhibition of PSC by the coating of the grains, leading to the preservation of porosity. Conversely, a late injection of oil does not preserve initial porosity. The dataset obtained from these experiments show the importance of the timing of oil charging in a reservoir in the preservation of initial porosity at great depth by the inhibition of PSC. However, the coating of grains by hydrocarbons may also inhibit further diagenetic processes leading to a creation of secondary porosity at depth.  相似文献   

Australasian asphaltite strandings: Their origin reviewed in light of the effects of weathering and biodegradation on their biomarker and isotopic profiles     

《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2014

Asphaltites, long known to strand along the coastline of southern Australia and as distantly as New Zealand and Macquarie Island, are widely regarded as artefacts of submarine oil seepage. Their remarkably uniform composition suggests a common source: marine shale containing sulphur-rich Type II kerogen, probably deposited during an Early Cretaceous oceanic anoxic event (OAE). Suitable hydrocarbon kitchens may exist in the offshore Bight and Otway basins. The physical character of the asphaltites, including laminations and flow structures, and their degree of alteration, which is not the result of biodegradation or extensive water washing, suggest an origin from subsurface tar mats subsequently exposed by the incision of submarine canyons, with the possible formation of asphaltic volcanoes. API gravities of 4–18° impart quasi-neutral buoyancy, implying many asphaltites were submerged drifters prior to stranding, their degree of weathering reflecting, at least in part, the residence time in the marine environment. For any individual asphaltite specimen, this will depend on the proximity of the seafloor seep to the stranding site, an important consideration when attempting to locate their point of origin.This study investigates the hydrocarbon biomarker signatures and n-alkane δ¹³C profiles of asphaltite specimens from stranding sites on the Eyre Peninsula (n = 2), Kangaroo Island (n = 4) and the Limestone Coast (n = 3), South Australia, and the south island of New Zealand (n = 2). Sub-samples of the interior and weathered surface of each specimen were analysed. No distinction could be made between strandings based on their source-dependent molecular and isotopic signatures, confirming their common origin. Comparison of the interior and exterior sub-samples revealed subtle although consistent differences. Given their degree of degradation and isotopic variance, these Australasian asphaltites seem to be products of low intensity seeps in the Ceduna Sub-basin of the Bight Basin and/or Morum Sub-basin of the Otway Basin.  相似文献