Response spectrum predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong: rock sites   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

N. T. K. Lam  A. M. Chandler  J. L. Wilson  G. L. Hutchinson 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2002,22(1)

To realistically assess the seismic risk relating to built infrastructures in Hong Kong and in the neighbouring coastal cities of southern Guangdong province, it is necessary to predict ground shaking induced by different earthquake scenarios with good accuracy. A companion paper has described the modelling of the spatial and temporal distribution of the diffused seismic activities in the region, based on the newly-developed ‘Expanding Circular Disc’ (ECD) method. Representative Magnitude–Distance (M–R) combinations for both near-field and far-field earthquakes (in relation to Hong Kong) have been derived using the ECD method. The present paper describes the modelling of the response spectrum on rock sites associated with the predicted M–R combinations, using the Component Attenuation Model (CAM) that was also developed recently by the authors, based on stochastic simulations of the seismological model. The significant effects of soil resonance on the response spectrum are described in a separate publication.The accuracy of CAM in modelling ground motion properties on rock sites has been tested here by comparisons with (i) strong motions recorded in Taiwan and South China from the 1999 ‘Chi-Chi’ earthquake in Taiwan (M=7.6), (ii) motions recorded in South China from another earthquake occurring in the southern Taiwan Strait in the same year (M=5.1), and (iii) historical seismic intensity data obtained within South China. The overall capability of CAM in modelling both near-field and far-field attenuation has been shown to be unmatched by existing empirical models. Results of the comparison studies confirm the accuracy of CAM, particularly within an epicentral distance of 300–400 km.This study shows that the developed serviceability response spectra (i.e. at short return periods) are controlled mainly by the earthquake recurrence behaviour of major distant seismic sources. In contrast, the ultimate response spectra (i.e. at long return periods) relate to events with magnitudes close to the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) limit, the effect of which may also be represented by the Characteristic Response Spectrum (CRS). Both types of earthquake scenario can be significantly affected by the regional crustal properties. The proposed response spectrum envelopes have been compared with previously developed recommendations, and a critical review has been conducted. The intrinsic advantages of the ECD–CAM modelling approach have been highlighted, emphasising its directness and transparency when compared with the more complex process required to implement traditional Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA).  相似文献   

A radiometric airborne geophysical survey of the Isle of Wight     

David Beamish  James C. White 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2011,122(5):787-799

A high resolution airborne geophysical survey across the Isle of Wight and Lymington area conducted in 2008 provided the first modern radiometric survey across the geological formations that characterise much of southern England. The basic radiometric data are presented and it is evident that bedrock geology exerts a controlling influence on the broad response characteristics of the naturally occurring radioelements. A GIS-based geological classification of the data provides a quantitative assessment and reveals that a relatively high percentage of the variability of the data is explained by the Cretaceous bedrock geology but this is much reduced in the Palaeogene. The three traditional Chalk units (Lower, Middle and Upper Chalk depicted on the currently available Geological Map) provide the lowest and most distinct behaviour within the Cretaceous sequence. Mineral content within the Chalk appears to increase with increasing age. A new method of representing the baseline radiometric information from the survey in terms of the mean values of the geological classification is presented. The variation of radioelement geochemistry within individual formations is examined in two case studies from the Cretaceous Lower Greensand Group and the Palaeogene Hamstead Member (Bouldnor Formation). The Cretaceous sequences provide the higher levels of discrimination of localised variations in radioelement distributions. A more detailed case study examines the potential influences from the degree of water saturation in the soil and superficial deposits.  相似文献   

三维激光扫描技术与断层面形貌量化分析在基岩区古地震研究中的应用     

邹俊杰  何宏林  耿爽  石峰  周永胜  孙稳 《震灾防御技术》2022,17(1):56-67

由于对第四纪地层的严重依赖,传统古地震探槽研究方法在基岩区难以发挥作用,导致无法获取基岩区断层的强震活动历史。本研究以山西地堑系的交城断裂为目标断裂,以断裂北段2处基岩断层面为研究对象,通过三维激光扫描技术获取基岩断层面高精度形貌,基于变差函数法结合滑动窗口操作量化断层表面形貌特征,开展在基岩区提取断裂古地震信息的实例研究。结果显示,2处基岩断层面的形貌在高度上具有明显的分段特征,指示了断层面在地震事件作用下的分段出露过程。这种断层面形貌分段特征可以用来识别古地震事件和同震位移量。在思西村基岩断层面上,识别出由老到新的3次古地震事件,同震倾滑位移量依次为2.0 m、1.9 m和2.3 m,在上兰镇基岩断层面上,识别出由老到新的3次古地震事件,同震倾滑位移量依次为1.4 m、2.5 m和2.0 m,指示了交城断裂北、中段具有产生同震位移量大于2 m、震级大于7.5级的破裂型地震的能力。上述研究成果表明,基于三维激光扫描和形貌量化分析方法开展基岩断层面古地震研究,可以准确而高效地识别古地震事件次数和同震位移量,扩展古地震的研究对象,拓宽古地震的研究空间。在未来的研究中,可以适时地开展宇宙成因核素测年以测定断层面的暴露年龄,获得发震年代,给予地震序列年龄框架。  相似文献   

Luminescence characteristics of Scandinavian quartz,their connection to bedrock provenance and influence on dating results     

《Quaternary Geochronology》2022

The success of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating relies to a large extent on suitable characteristics of the analysed mineral, in this case quartz. Previous OSL dating of Quaternary sediments in Scandinavia has shown that quartz characteristics vary widely across the region, resulting in dating studies with varied success. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of quartz luminescence characteristics in Sweden and Norway, evaluate their effect on dating results and discuss the underlying causes of their variability.A qualitative assessment of luminescence signal characteristics of quartz from Late Quaternary sediment deposits, from a range of geological and geographical settings, has been made by re-analysing data from samples previously dated at the Lund Luminescence Laboratory, Sweden. This allowed a general characterisation of signals and a study of the relationship of these properties to dating result ‘quality’. To quantify the results, selected samples were further analysed with single-grain measurements and with small aliquots.The results show that the average luminescence signal from quartz is fairly dim but dominated by a fast signal component and changes little during measurement. Dose determination precision is ∼4% for 8-mm aliquots and ∼6% for 2-mm aliquots. However, the luminescence signal characteristics have a spatial variation across Sweden and Norway, which appears to correlate with large-scale bedrock units. In areas of sedimentary bedrock outside the Scandinavian mountains and within the Blekinge-Bornholm province, the quartz is brighter and has a stronger fast signal component, while in the Caledonian orogenic belt, the signal is very weak and lacks a fast component. These differences lead to a range in precision of doses, from ∼2% to >40% (for doses in the order of 5–400 Gy), and in the number of rejected aliquots (0–100%) depending on location, but also implies that quartz luminescence can be used as a provenance indicator in part of Sweden and Norway.  相似文献   

河北保定容城凸起地热田储层属性与资源潜力   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

郭世炎  李小军 《地质科学》2013,48(3):922-931

21世纪人类将面临资源、环境与灾害的严重挑战。地热资源作为绿色新型能源,可减少传统燃料的消耗,实现CO₂减排,日益受到人们的青睐。河北保定市容城凸起地热田为我国东部代表性中低温地热田,其热储类型为基岩岩溶裂隙热储(主要为蓟县系雾迷山组及长城系高于庄组),具有储量大,可回灌等特点。根据现有数据和地质资料进行的地热资源潜力评估表明:容城凸起(56 km²研究区范围)基岩(3 000 m以浅)热储地热资源量为416×10¹⁶ J, 相当于标准煤239×10⁶ t,折合热能1 320 MW,可采地热资源量为62×10¹⁶ J,相当于标准煤36×10⁶ t,折合热能198 MW。  相似文献   

Factors influencing the recession rate of Niagara Falls since the 19th century     

Yuichi S. Hayakawa  Yukinori Matsukura 《Geomorphology》2009,110(3-4):212-216

The rate of recession of Niagara Falls (Horseshoe and American Falls) in northeastern North America has been documented since the 19th century; it shows a decreasing trend from ca. 1 m y^− 1 a century ago to ca. 0.1 m y^− 1 at present. Reduction of the flow volume in the Niagara River due to diversion into bypassing hydroelectric schemes has often been taken to be the factor responsible, but other factors such as changes in the waterfall shape could play a role and call for a quantitative study. Here, we examine the effect of physical factors on the historically varying recession rates of Niagara Falls, using an empirical equation which has previously been proposed based on a non-dimensional multiparametric model which incorporates flow volume, waterfall shape and bedrock strength. The changes in recession rates of Niagara Falls in the last century are successfully modeled by this empirical equation; these changes are caused by variations in flow volume and lip length. This result supports the validity of the empirical equation for waterfalls in rivers carrying little transported sediment. Our analysis also suggests that the decrease in the recession rate of Horseshoe Falls is related to both artificial reduction in river discharge and natural increase in waterfall lip length, whereas that of American Falls is solely due to the reduction in flow volume.  相似文献   

Response spectra for the deep sediment-filled Rhône Valley in the Swiss Alps     

Hans-Balder Havenith  Donat Fäh  Sonia Alvarez-Rubio  Daniel Roten 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2009

We present numerical modeling of earthquake ground motion for various profiles across the Swiss Rhône Valley and characterize the seismic response in terms of spectral acceleration. First, we evaluate the relative amplification of 2D with respect to 1D response. Then, we show how the selected bedrock spectrum influences the response spectra of the valley sites. Particular attention is paid to how the internal sediment structure and the often weakly constrained Q-factor shape the seismic response. Results obtained for the different profiles are compared with reference spectra (Swiss building code and Eurocode 8) and for one profile with recorded data as well. From this comparison, we infer that the surficial layer strongly influences spectral acceleration values between 0.1 and 1 s. The total thickness of sediments significantly affects the seismic response at longer periods around the fundamental period of the studied valley sections between 1.8 and 3.6 s.  相似文献   

A new analytical approach to reconstruct the acceleration time history at the bedrock base from the free surface signal records     

《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2016

Acceleration time histories of earthquake events are typically measured in seismic stations that are placed close to the soil top surface. These acceleration records are often used as input data for seismic analysis. It may be used for base excitation in seismic analysis of above ground structures with shallow foundations.. However it may not be used for seismic analysis of underground structures, or even for above ground buildings with deep foundations and several underground stories. The required base excitation data of the latter should have been measured below the top surface, at a level that may be determined according to the specific analyzed building geometry or at the bedrock below. If the acceleration time history at the bedrock would have been known, the seismic wave propagation through the soil medium, from the bedrock towards the top surface, could have been carried out and the base excitation of the buried structure could be determined. Since there is no data on the acceleration time history at the bedrock, and the only given data is the acceleration records at the top surface, the goal of this paper is to provide an exact reverse analysis procedure to determine the unknown acceleration time history at the bedrock that would exactly produce the measured acceleration time history at the top surface. Once this goal is achieved, seismic analysis of buried structures may be carried out with the determined acceleration record at the bedrock as input. This paper presents an analytical exact solution of the inverse problem for determination of the acceleration, velocity and displacement time histories at the bedrock base of a layered geological medium that are compatible with the given acceleration record at the soil top surface. This new proposed method is based on analytical solutions of the initial-boundary value problems of the linear wave equation in the case of a layered medium. The relationship between waves in one layer and waves in another adjacent layer is derived considering the continuity of stresses and displacements at the common interface between the layers. The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method is demonstrated through several examples involving the nonstationary response of the free surface. The case of the San Fernando Earthquake is studied. Excellent agreement is achieved between the recorded free surface time history and the reconstructed signal. This excellent agreement is obtained due to the exact analytical method used in deriving the inverse problem solution. This exact analytical method allows one to obtain an acceleration (velocity/displacement) distribution along all the layers at any time.  相似文献   

Bedrock control on the Assu Incised Valley morphology and sedimentation in the Brazilian Equatorial Shelf     

《国际泥沙研究》2016,(2):181-193

The Assu Incised Valley(AIV) is a new example of an incised-valley system located on the Brazilian Equatorial continental shelf.This valley extends over 40 km from the present-day shoreline to the shelf break,in a passive margin setting,on a shallow(~70 m),narrow(43 km) and flat(?1) shelf,with mixed carbonate-siliciclastic sedimentation and a low terrigenous sediment supply.To investigate the morphology of the incised valley and the surrounding shelf area,we analyzed LandSat images and bathymetric,shallow seismic and sedimentological data.The results indicate that the AIV is a coastal-plain incised valley.The incision was mainly forced by the magnitude of the last fall in sea level,which created the specific geometry of valley,atypically widening landward due to lithological and structural control.The AIV is a broad N-S-trending valley with a negative relief of approximately 12 m below the mean shelf topography and low-angle valley walls(~3°),surrounded by a highly planar shelf.The valley is asymmetric in cross-section and subdivided into three segments along the shelf:the landward segment is wide(up to 8 km),shallow( 9 m deep),and 25 km long;the middle segment is narrow(2 km wide),only slightly deeper than the inner segment( 15 m deep) and 10 km long;the outer segment is very narrow( 1 km),has incised relief up to 30 m deep and is 8 km long.The incised valley changes near the shelf break abruptly to a deeper(300 m) and wider submarine canyon(3 km).The three valleysegments are bounded by transfer faults of W-E orientation.In addition,the accommodation-space response to the last deglacial sea-level rise provided a 30 m thick sedimentary fill above a Pleistocene/Holocene regional unconformity and a morphologically controlled stratigraphic organization.The antecedent valley topography controls the sedimentation and hydrodynamics of the modern shelf.Furthermore,the morphology of the AIV is a key example of the control of the bedrock on valley incision and infill response to the last fall and rise in sea level on narrow,shallow and low-gradient shelves.  相似文献   

The role of uncertainty in bedrock depth and hydraulic properties on the stability of a variably-saturated slope     

《Computers and Geotechnics》2017

We investigate the uncertainty in bedrock depth and soil hydraulic parameters on the stability of a variably-saturated slope in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. We couple Monte Carlo simulation of a three-dimensional flow model with numerical limit analysis to calculate confidence intervals of the safety factor using a 22-day rainfall record. We evaluate the marginal and joint impact of bedrock depth and soil hydraulic uncertainty. The mean safety factor and its 95% confidence interval evolve rapidly in response to the storm events. Explicit recognition of uncertainty in the hydraulic properties and depth to bedrock increases significantly the probability of failure.  相似文献