The influence of freeze–thaw cycles of active soil layer on surface runoff in a permafrost watershed     

Genxu Wang  Hongchang Hu  Taibin Li 《Journal of Hydrology》2009,375(3-4):438-449

As a result of global warming, the discharges from rivers in permafrost regions have varied significantly. However, its mechanism remains unclear. One of possible factors is active soil freeze–thaw cycle, which may influence surface runoff in the variation of permafrost water cycle processes. In this study, a typical permafrost watershed in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau was selected, its hydrological processes were monitored from 2004 to 2007, and the effects of the freezing and thawing depth of the soil active layer on runoff processes were assessed. The runoff modulus, runoff coefficient, direct runoff ratio, recession gradient and their seasonal variations were estimated and analyzed. The active soil dynamics and water budget were analyzed to prove the features of the surface runoff and the influences of active soil freeze–thaw processes. The primary factors influencing surface runoff processes during different seasons were analyzed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and statistical regression methods. The results showed that the high runoff coefficient and low direct runoff ratio were the main characteristics during the spring flood period (May–June) and during the autumn recession period (September). The runoff modulus and its year-to-year variability were the greatest in the summer flood period. The direct runoff ratio decreased from 0.43 in May to 0.29 in September, with the exception of the highest ratio, which occurred during the summer recession period (July). The active soil thawing in the upper layer of depth of 60 cm had contributed to increase in discharge, but the increase in thawing depth deeper than 60 cm led to a decrease in surface runoff and slowness in the recession process. Precipitation played a small role in the spring flood runoff and the autumn runoff. The soil active layer freeze–thaw variation, which affected seasonal soil water dynamic and water budget and reformed seasonal runoff characteristics, along with vegetation cover changes, is considered the potential major factor in control of the hydrological processes in the permafrost region.  相似文献   

Estimation of peak flows from small watersheds on the Loess Plateau of China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Suhua Fu  Xin Wei  Guanghui Zhang 《水文研究》2008,22(21):4233-4238

Peak flow rate from watersheds is an important criterion used to develop soil conservation plans and to design engineering projects. A peak flow rate equation used in the CREAMS model, with four parameters, can be employed to predict peak flow rate. The purpose of this study was to test and improve this equation of peak flow rate in CREAMS for use on the Loess Plateau of China. Data from 331 storms in 20 small watersheds were used to verify the the peak flow rate equation in CREAMS. The calculated flow rates using the CREAMS equation greatly underestimated the measured peak flows. The model efficiency was only 0·15. Nonlinear regression analysis was then performed to develop a new equation: which gave a model efficiency of 0·94. A second set of data, including 68 storms from four completely different watersheds, was used to test the new equation, with a resultant model efficiency of 0·90. The result has significant implications for improving the design of soil and water supporting practices, for assessing the soil and water resources, and for implementing conservation programmes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Crystal chemistry of suspended matter in a tropical hydrosystem, Nyong basin (Cameroon, Africa)     

Gwenaelle Olivi  -Lauquet  Thierry Allard  Jacques Bertaux  Jean-Pierre Muller 《Chemical Geology》2000,170(1-4):113-131

Suspended matter (SM) from the Nyong basin (Cameroon, Africa), a tropical watershed, was collected by tangential flow ultrafiltration to separate particulate (>0.45 μm) and colloidal (<0.45 μm; >20 kDa) fractions. In this basin, two distinctive systems in a selected small catchment (Nsimi–Zoétélé) of the Nyong river basin have been considered: (i) colourless water (groundwater and spring) with a low suspended load (<3 mg/l) and a low total organic carbon content (TOC<1 mg/l) and (ii) coloured water (Mengong brook and Nyong river), which is organic rich (TOC>10 mg/l) and contains higher amounts of SM (10–20 mg/l) than the colourless water. Freeze-dried samples of SM have been analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR), and visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS).

Colourless water mainly contains mineral phases, such as poorly ordered kaolinite, plus quartz and goethite in the particulate fraction, and euhedral kaolinite plus amorphous iron oxyhydroxides in the colloidal fraction. In contrast, the SM in coloured water is mainly organic in nature. The mineral phases in the particulate fraction are similar to those from clear water, but with additional phytoliths and diatom frustules composed of biogenic opal. In the colloidal fraction, complexation of Fe³⁺ and Mn²⁺ with organic matter is evidenced by EPR, together with significant occurrence of Fe oxyhydroxides associated with organic matter.

The sites of Al, Si, Fe, Mn in colloidal fractions derived from spectroscopic analyses are discussed with reference to chemical analyses performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Most of the observed solid phases or species correspond to those expected from published thermodynamic calculations for the same hydrosystem, except the colloidal iron oxyhydroxides in the coloured water. The presence of such iron phases is emphasised since they are expected to have large sorption capacities for numerous trace elements.

The crystal chemistry of SM is used to discuss the origin of the mineral particles transported from the soil to the main rivers in terms of mechanical and chemical erosion processes.  相似文献   

WATERSHED CONSIDERATIONS FOR INTEGRATED STREAM MODELING     

Charles W. Slaughter 《国际泥沙研究》2000,(1)

lINTRoDUCTIONAbroadobjectiveofcooperativeresearchattheNorthwestWatershedResearchCenterandEco-HydraulicsResearchGroupistodevelopdetailedunderstandingofthetemporalandspatialvariabilityofstreamflow,sedimentandwaterquaIityconstituentsinacontinuumfromheadwatersthroughestuaries.Thispaperpresentsselectedaspectsofourongoingresearch,focusedonstreamsystemsinsemi-arid,uplandrangelandwatersheds.Publicawarenessoftheroleofriversinregionalecologicalsystems,andconcernforpreserving,enhancingandrestorin…  相似文献   

秦巴山区中山地小流域土地持续利用模式探讨--以柞水县薛家沟流域为例   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

李智广  刘务农 《山地学报》2000,18(2):145-150

在分析薛家沟流域土地利用现状、持续利用条件和限制因素的基础上 ,依据流域立体分异特性 ,提出川平地以粮食种植、坡地以经济果木和防护林为主导的山地林果药菌立体开发的土地利用模式  相似文献   

青海湖流域生态补偿空间选择与补偿标准研究   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

宋晓谕  徐中民  祁元  尹小娟  葛劲松 《冰川冻土》2013,35(2):496-503

生态补偿是环境保护对策措施中的一种创新途径.以青海湖流域为研究区域, 以碳蓄积量作为主要生态系统服务目标, 结合人文调查数据和自然模拟结果, 分别采用福利成本法和最小数据方法对研究区生态补偿中的空间选择和补偿标准确定进行了分析.结果表明: 环青海湖四个县的生态补偿效率成本比分别是海晏县0.5353、 刚察县0.5398、 天峻县0.5549、 共和县0.4353.在生态补偿资金有限的情况下, 生态补偿的优先顺序依次是天峻、 刚察、 海晏, 最后是共和.若海晏县全部低盖度草地退牧则需付费328.5元·hm^-2·a^-1, 可年新增碳固定量1.7×10⁷ kg; 若刚察县全部低盖度草地退牧则需付费250.5元·hm^-2·a^-1, 可年新增碳固定量5.25×10⁷kg; 若天峻县全部低盖度草地退牧则需付费181.5元·hm^-2·a^-1, 可年新增碳固定量18.52×10⁷kg; 若共和县全部低盖度草地退牧则需付费478.5元·hm^-2·a^-1, 可年新增碳固定量2.86×10⁷kg.  相似文献   

官司河流域景观稳定性的研究     

刘延国  王青  王军 《地球信息科学学报》2012,14(1):137-142

 以1995年和2005年官司河流域两个时期的TM遥感数据作为基本信息源,采用GIS和数理统计的方法提取景观类型,通过基质比例、斑块数量和面积变化率、斑块密度变化率3个指标,以及景观类型转化规律对流域的景观稳定性进行了初步研究。结果表明:(1)耕地是整个流域人工景观的基质,处在频繁耕作及动态变化中,稳定性不高,马尾松林地作为半自然景观的基质,稳定性亦较低,但有所提高;(2)城镇及水域的斑块稳定性最高,马尾松林地、栎类林地和柏木林地次之,耕地与村庄的稳定性最低;(3)耕地与水域及有林地的转化最为剧烈,这与1998年以来,流域实施的退耕还林工程密切相关,但水域及有林地的稳定性仍然取决于其自然稳定性,且景观格局呈现良好发展趋势;(4)中小斑块的马尾松林地及柏木林地的稳定性对流域的景观稳定性具有重要作用,须以合理的保护、规划及建设。  相似文献   

黄土高原小流域重力侵蚀稳定可靠度分析     

鲁克新  李占斌  于国强 《干旱区地理》2012,35(4):545-551

在应用有限差分FLAC3D软件对黄土高原小流域概化模型塑性屈服区分布规律进行数值模拟的基础上,采用基于FLAC3D的有限元强度折减法和简化一次二阶矩法相结合的方法研究了小流域概化模型重力侵蚀稳定可靠度和破坏概率。结果表明：小流域剪切塑性区域主要分布于坡面和沟坡大部分区域,张拉塑性区域主要分布于梁峁顶和梁峁坡上部;小流域边坡整体破坏概率达到28.6%,高于1%,表明流域重力侵蚀处于高破坏概率范畴之内,处于不可接受的风险水平,需采取适当的工程措施以提高其稳定性;采用安全系数法和可靠度相结合的二元指标评价体系分析和评价边坡稳定性,能获得更为合理、可靠的分析结果。相关数值模拟和稳定可靠度分析结果可应用于流域重力侵蚀研究中,为推动流域侵蚀产沙时空规律研究的深入发展和小流域水土流失综合治理提供科学依据。  相似文献   

祁连山老虎沟流域春季积雪属性的分布及变化特征   总被引：6，自引：4，他引：2  

杨俊华  秦翔  吴锦奎  杜文涛  孙维君  张明杰  张雪艳  陈记祖 《冰川冻土》2012,34(5):1091-1098

利用祁连山老虎沟流域布设的花杆观测了该区春季积雪的属性(深度、 表面反射率、 密度及含水量、 粒径), 并结合自动气象站上的积雪深度和反照率数据, 对研究区春季积雪属性的分布及变化特征进行了观测和分析. 结果表明: 流域内积雪分布很不均一, 在阴坡雪深大, 阳坡雪深小; 在不同海拔上, 雪深随海拔有增高的趋势; 不同类型、 不同表面粗糙度、 不同密度、 不同含水率的积雪反射率不同, 不同地物的反射率也不同; 积雪剖面中逆温层结的形成与表面温度、 雪深有密切关系, 在一天内新降雪的密度及含水率随时间的变化具有较好的一致性.  相似文献   

祁连山林草复合流域灌木林水文生态功能研究          下载免费PDF全文

张平  刘贤德  张学龙  赵维俊  敬文茂  王顺利 《干旱区地理》2013,36(5):922-929

对祁连山林草复合流域5种主要灌木林的水文生态功能进行了研究。结果表明：（1）5种灌木林林冠平均截留率的大小范围为6.98%～22.45%;（2）5种灌木枯落物的最大持水率均为自身重量的1.6～4.0倍,枯落物最大持水量和有效持水量分别为23.83～134.95 t/hm2和17.25～83.62 t/hm²;（3）土壤的最大持水量及有效持水量都随土壤深度的增加而不断下降,与土壤的总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度的变化规律相一致;土壤的最大持水量和有效持水量分别为3 090.96～4 460.82 t/hm²和680.68～1 328.82 t/hm²;（4）各灌木林地土壤表层的稳渗率变化范围为8.88～141.67 mm/min,前30 min累计入渗量的变化幅度为338.25～4 718.34 mm;（5）5种灌木林地总蓄水量大小经综合评价依次为：吉拉柳灌丛>鲜黄小檗灌丛>箭叶锦鸡儿灌丛>金露梅灌丛>甘青锦鸡儿灌丛。  相似文献