建筑物高度对上行闪电触发以及传播影响的数值模拟     

谭涌波  周博文  郭秀峰  张冬冬  师正  陈超 《气象学报》2015,73(3):546-556

为了探讨建筑物高度对单个上行闪电触发以及传播的影响,设定了一个固定的背景电场,并结合自行触发的上行闪电随机放电参数化方案,进行了二维高分辨率上行闪电放电的模拟试验。结果表明:(1)上行闪电在初始阶段分支比较少;发展到离地面2 km左右后,闪电开始出现大量的分支,闪电通道开始出现明显的分叉:一部分通道继续向高电荷密度中心垂直传播,另一部分通道绕过高电荷密度中心,向外水平传播;模拟的上行闪电只能垂直传播到4 km处的负电荷中心,不能穿过0电势线向上方的正电荷区传播。(2)建筑物高度对上行闪电的触发起了关键作用,建筑物越高,越容易触发上行闪电。(3)建筑物高度对上行闪电传播具有一定的反作用,随着建筑物高度增高,模拟出的上行闪电的水平和垂直传播距离都有所减小,通道的分形维数变小,通道传播的总长度也逐渐减小。  相似文献   

Saving lives in earthquakes: successes and failures in seismic protection since 1960   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Robin Spence 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2007,5(2):139-251

This paper will look at what we have and have not achieved in reducing the risks to human life from earthquakes in the last 50 years. It will review how success has been achieved in a few parts of the world, and consider what needs to be done by the scientific and engineering community globally to assist in the future task of bringing earthquake risks under control. The first part of the talk will re-examine what we know about the casualties from earthquakes in the last 50 years. Almost 80% of about 1 million deaths turn out to have been caused by just ten great earthquakes, together affecting a tiny proportion of the territory at risk from heavy ground shaking. The disparity between richer and poorer countries is also evident, not only in fatality rates, but also in their rates of change. But the existing casualty database turns out to be a very poor basis for observing such differences, not only because of the small number of lethal events, but also because of the very limited data on causes of death, types and causes of injury. These have been examined in detail in only a few, recent events. All that can be said with certainty is that a few wealthier earthquake-prone countries or regions have made impressive progress in reducing the risk of death from earthquakes, while most of the rest of the world has achieved comparatively little, and in some areas the problem has become much worse. The second part of the paper looks in more detail at what has been achieved country-by-country. Based on a new expert-group survey of key individuals involved in earthquake risk mitigation, it will examine what are perceived to be the successes and failures of risk mitigation in each country or group of countries. This survey will be used to highlight the achievements of those countries which have successfully tackled their earthquake risk; it will examine the processes of earthquake risk mitigation, from campaigning to retrofitting, and it will consider to what extent the achievement is the result of affluence, scientific and technical activity, political advocacy, public awareness, or the experience of destructive events. It will ask to what extent the approaches pioneered by the global leaders can be adopted by the rest. The final section of the talk will argue that it can be useful to view earthquake protection activity as a public health matter to be advanced in a manner similar to globally successful disease-control measures: it will be argued that the key components of such programmes—building in protection; harnessing new technology and creating a safety culture—must be the key components of earthquake protection strategies also. It will consider the contribution which the scientific and engineering community can make to bringing down today’s unacceptably high global earthquake risk. It will be suggested that this role is wider than commonly understood and needs to include: Building-in protection

•	Improving and simplifying information available for designers and self-builders of homes and infrastructure.
•	Devising and running “building for safety” programmes to support local builders.

Harnessing new technologies

•	Developing and testing cost-effective techniques for new construction and retrofit.

Creating a safety culture

•	Involvement in raising public awareness.
•	Political advocacy to support new legislation and other actions.
•	Prioritising action on public buildings, especially schools and hospitals.

Examples of some of these actions will be given. International collaboration is essential to ensure that the resources and expertise available in the richer countries is shared with those most in need of help. And perhaps the most important single task for the engineering community is work to counter the widespread fatalistic attitude that future earthquakes are bound to be at least as destructive as those of the past.  相似文献   

小型空心砌块建筑墙体施工技术     

刘暹宏 《中国勘察设计》2010,(3):34-36

某工程设计采用轻质砼小型空心砌块墙体,在施工过程中,从各个建筑细部上很下工夫,精益求精,使施工质量得到保证,本文介绍其施工技术与细部做法。  相似文献   

污水源热泵技术在城市住宅供暖中的应用研究     

于浩  刘静  肖天鹏 《城市地质》2015,(4):21-24

随着城市的发展和能源需求的增长,污水的热能回收利用越来越受到关注,开发污水源热泵技术对建筑节能降耗具有重要意义。本文就污水源热泵系统的工作原理、特点等方面进行了介绍,阐述了国内外污水源热泵技术的开发利用历程与工程现状,分析了城市污水热能资源潜力以及污水源热泵技术的发展前景,指出利用污水与环境的温差获取热能具有十分巨大的能量资源前景,适宜的热源距离是污水源热泵开发利用的先决条件,开发污水源热泵系统,可以充分利用城市污水处理厂的二级出水或城市污水作为水源,通过合理利用出水的流量和温差为城市住宅供暖。基于我国能源与环境的现状,污水源热泵系统具有良好的市场前景,是一种值得推广的能源开发利用方式。  相似文献   

基于激光点云数据的古建筑BIM几何模型构建     

盛德新  杨振球 《测绘工程》2015,(7):76-80

针对古建筑BIM各种信息模型中几何模型构建的问题,提出应用三维激光点云数据和CloudWorx软件进行建模的方法。应用Cyclone软件对点云数据进行去噪、配准,按构件进行分割;应用CloudWorx软件进行模型的构建。研究古建筑的瓦片、柱体、梁、墙体、围栏等构件的建模方法,通过模型合并生成古建筑的整体几何模型。  相似文献   

基于遥感影像的建筑物空间分布方法在地震灾害损失预评估中的应用     

朱达邈  王东明 《震灾防御技术》2021,16(3):510-518

房屋建筑数据是地震重点危险区预评估工作的基础,需基于获取到的房屋建筑信息开展人员伤亡、经济损失、救援物资需求等预评估工作。历年地震重点危险区预评估工作能够通过现场调查得到的房屋建筑信息占比极小,仅能进行抽样调查。因此,为批量完成危险区内全部房屋建筑损失估算,需基于遥感影像获取房屋建筑矢量数据,并建立数据库。为实现全国地震重点危险区预评估工作中大批量建筑物矢量化数据的快速获取,本文采用基于遥感影像的建筑物空间分布数据批量获取方法,得到地震重点危险区内建筑物空间矢量数据,结合现场抽样调查得到的建筑物属性信息,建立地震重点危险区建筑物空间分布数据库,进而为地震重点危险区灾害损失预评估工作提供数据基础。本文采用的方法可广泛应用于地震重点危险区房屋建筑信息获取工作中,可提高工作效率,降低工作成本,提升预评估工作的科学性和准确性。  相似文献   

Study on Seismic Damage to Buildings from the 2016 Hutubi MS6.2 Earthquake     

Chang Xiangde  Sun Jing  Tan Ming  Yao Yuan  Li Shuai  Luo Ju  Chen Jianbo 《中国地震研究》2017,31(3):334-348

Based on the field investigation of the building types and damage caused to them by the Hutubi M_S6.2 earthquake on December 8, 2016, we analyzed the damage characteristics and causes for different types of buildings. In conclusion we put forward some suggestions for the restoration and reconstruction in the earthquake affected area in future.  相似文献   

分区分类的生命线工程地震直接经济损失研究     

张桂欣  孙柏涛  陈相兆 《地震》2017,37(4):69-79

生命线工程的震害及损失评估工作对于震害防御和震后地震应急工作有着极其重要的意义。 但是, 生命线工程是一个复杂庞大的网络系统, 目前对其开展的震害及损失评估研究工作存在着很大的局限性和不确定性。 本文充分利用研究较多且较系统的建筑物震害及损失评估结果, 结合历次典型历史地震震害中建筑物和生命线震害情况, 通过分析建筑物损失和生命线工程损失的数量关系, 建立二者之间的关联模型; 通过对人口、 GDP、 土地利用等公里网格数据进行分析, 给出中国大陆地区的分区分类原则, 建立分区分类的生命线工程地震直接经济损失分析模型; 基于GIS软件平台, 开发了生命线工程地震直接经济损失分析模块, 利用该模块, 得出了四川省不同地震烈度下的生命线工程直接经济损失空间分布情况。  相似文献   

Automatic urban building boundary extraction from high resolution aerial images using an innovative model of active contours     

Salman Ahmadi  M.J. Valadan Zoej  Hamid Ebadi  Hamid Abrishami Moghaddam  Ali Mohammadzadeh 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2010

To present a new method for building boundary detection and extraction based on the active contour model, is the main objective of this research. Classical models of this type are associated with several shortcomings; they require extensive initialization, they are sensitive to noise, and adjustment issues often become problematic with complex images. In this research a new model of active contours has been proposed that is optimized for the automatic building extraction. This new active contour model, in comparison to the classical ones, can detect and extract the building boundaries more accurately, and is capable of avoiding detection of the boundaries of features in the neighborhood of buildings such as streets and trees. Finally, the detected building boundaries are generalized to obtain a regular shape for building boundaries. Tests with our proposed model demonstrate excellent accuracy in terms of building boundary extraction. However, due to the radiometric similarity between building roofs and the image background, our system fails to recognize a few buildings.  相似文献   

建筑用地钉桩数据一体化生产技术的应用研究     

秦学秀  赵连柱 《北京测绘》2010,(4):53-56

对建筑用地钉桩数据组织、空间数据存储模型、数据一体化生产技术、系统的设计与实现进行了研究和探讨。提出基于ORACLE关系型数据库和ArcSDE空间数据引擎进行建筑用地钉桩数据管理,建立建筑用地钉桩数据库;建立建筑用地钉桩数据存储模型,基于关系型数据库实现了建筑用地钉桩空间数据和属性数据的统一存储和管理,实现了AutoCAD平台与GIS平台无损数据交换;建立了建筑用地钉桩数据一体化生产管理系统,实现了建筑用地钉桩数据生产一体化、网络化管理及分发服务,具有实用性及推广价值。  相似文献