Us public and private regulation of LNG transport     

Jonathan David Aronson  William Westermeyer 《Marine Policy》1982,6(1):11-26

The authors examine the propositions that the private banking sector is capable of assuring that liquefied natural gas (LNG) projects are economically viable and that the insurance sector is capable of rating the relative risks of LNG projects to assure their operations are as safe as possible. If the markets could assure these outcomes, government regulation of LNG projects could be reduced. Reviews of public and private regulation of safety and economic viability suggest that the private sector cannot serve these functions adequately. Unless private financial and insurance enterprises are induced by government regulations to smooth their own operating cycles, private self-regulation of major new developments is unlikely to be effective. In the case of LNG, the red tape of governmental bureaucracy may have prevented the large-scale development of costly, potentially hazardous, white elephants, but for all the wrong reasons.  相似文献   

Probabilistic seismic response and reliability assessment of isolated bridges     

GiuseppeCarloMarano 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2005,4(1):95-106

Bridge seismic isolation strategy is based on the reduction of shear forces transmitted from the superstructure to the piers by two means: shifting natural period and earthquake input energy reduction by dissipation concentrated in protection devices. In this paper, a stochastic analysis of a simple isolated bridge model for different bridge and device parameters is conducted to assess the efficiency of this seismic protection strategy. To achieve this aim, a simple nonlinear softening constitutive law is adopted to model a wide range of isolation devices, characterized by only three essential mechanical parameters. As a consequence of the random nature of seismic motion, a probabilistic analysis is carried out and the time modulated Kanai-Tajimi stochastic process is adopted to represent the seismic action. The response covariance in the state space is obtained by solving the Lyapunov equation for a stochastic linearized system. After a sensitivity analysis, the failure probability referred to extreme displacement and the mean value of dissipated energy are assessed by using the introduced stochastic indices of seismic bridge protection efficiency. A parametric analysis for protective devices with different mechanical parameters is developed for a proper selection of parameters of isolation devices under different situations.  相似文献   

An integrated linear/non-linear flow model for the conduit-fissure-pore media in the karst triple void aquifer system   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

J. M. Cheng  C. X. Chen 《Environmental Geology》2005,47(2):163-174

Most karstic aquifer media may be characterized as the triple-void media with highly-varied hydraulic properties, including matrix pore, fissure and conduit, in which liner flow may co-exist with non-linear flow. In this paper, an attempt is made to couple linear flow with non-linear flow in a single unified flow governing equations by introducing the concept of equivalent hydraulic conductivity (EHC) and deriving a general Darcys law for various flow. The expression of EHC in the karst conduit and fissure are also derived. The procedures of numerical implementation are demonstrated via an ideal model and a case study of karst aquifer system in the Beishan Ore Formation area, Guangxi Autonomous Region, China.  相似文献   

极不充分采动条件下地表下沉规律及计算方法研究   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

杨伦  温吉洋  于世全 《中国地质灾害与防治学报》2005,16(1):81-83

随着煤矿开采的不断加深,地表呆动程度(开采宽度D与开采深度H之比DIH)不断降低,并逐渐趋向于极不充分采动,同样长度的工作面对地表的影响程度极不同于浅部开采。因此,需要重新认识深部开采时的地表下沉规律。极不充分采动条件下地表下沉规律具有特殊性。经过对国内外大量观测资料的综合分析,发现当开采宽度小于地表下沉起动距时(极不充分采动),地表的下沉或地表下沉率(q′／q)为零。当开采宽度达到地表移动起动距时,地表下沉缓慢增长;达到临界采动距时,地表下沉急剧增大。地表下沉率(q′／q)与开采宽、深比D／H之间为负指数函数关系。在极不充分采动条件下进行地表下沉预计时必须对概率积分法的下沉系数进行修正。算例证明了本文给出计算方法的可行性。但这种修正方法如何与概率积分法相统一仍需进一步研究。  相似文献   

On the character of distribution of chemical elements in nature     

Jozef Guba 《Mathematical Geology》1986,18(4):429-432

Distribution of chemical elements in nature is controlled by the general physical-chemical state of natural processes, a result of the effort to reach thermodynamic equilibrium. Natural processes, forming geologic objects (e.g., rocks, ores) usually do not reach total chemical equilibrium. This is reflected in distributions of chemical elements in nature. We recognize symmetric as well as asymmetric distributions. The question arises, what distribution in nature is most commonly followed? Evidently, this should be a distribution of chemical elements in thermodynamic equilibrium throughout the system, thus with maximum entropy. This paper notes that Gauss's normal distribution may be derived from statistic explanation of entropy as a function of contnt of chemical elements in a system with application of Einstein's formula.  相似文献   

Seismicity and seismic hazard mapping of northern Algeria: Map of Maximum Calculated Intensities (MCI)   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

M.S. Boughacha  M. Ouyed  A. Ayadi  H. Benhallou 《Journal of Seismology》2004,8(1):1-10

An earthquake catalogue covering the period1716–2000, comprising 2430 events, has beencompiled for the region lying between3°W-9°E and 31°N-38°N. It results fromraw data of IGN, ISC, USGS and Algeriansources, enabling an input consisting oforigin time H, geographical coordinates(longitude and latitude) and at least one of thefollowing parameters: surface wavemagnitude Ms, body wave magnitude Mb,epicentral intensities Io. Empiricalrelations permit transformations of Mb andMs into Io. The output consists in H,, , Ms, Mb, Io, and focal depth h whichis fixed to 10 km. The number ofevents falls to 1458 characterised by Ms 3.3 and Mb 3.6, or Io III. The fixed depth is suggested by thebest documented Algerian macroseismic mapsthat also lead to an empirical intensityattenuation law. A first application ofthis catalogue allows the drawing up of anupdated Seismicity and a MaximalCalculated Intensities (MCI) Maps ofAlgeria. The MCI map is obtained by usingthe empirical attenuation law: theintensities inferred by the whole eventsconstituting the catalogue are computed atnodes of a 5×5-km grid covering the area ofstudy. The corresponding maximum value isassigned to each node. The MCI map producedthat way gives precise spatial informationin comparison with Maximum ObservedIntensities (MOI) maps obtained in previousmacroseismic studies. This document may beuseful in mapping the seismic hazard inNorthern Algeria, without attachingprobabilities to ground-motionparameters.  相似文献   

The Marmara Sea region: Seismic behaviour in time and the likelihood of another large earthquake near Istanbul (Turkey)     

A. Cisternas  O. Polat  L. Rivera 《Journal of Seismology》2004,8(3):427-437

The North Anatolian Fault (NAF) extends for about 1500 km from Karliova to the east, to the Egean Sea in the west. The Marmara region, located near the western end of the NAF, is a tectonically active zone characterized by the transition between a strike slip stress regime and an extensional one in the Aegean Sea. Microseismic studies performed around the Marmara Sea in 1995 [Tectonophysics 316, 2000, 1], and just before the 1999 Izmit Earthquake Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 92, 2002a, 361;J. Seismol. 6, 2002b, 287) permitted the analysis of the evolution of seismicity connected to this destructive earthquake and its sequels. Several observations indicate that the aftershock distribution fits well the EW orientation of the NAF, but the ruptures are not simple and linear as a first glance would suggest. Instead they are segmented in at least five pieces as shown by the slip variation and aftershock clusters, showing complexity at different scales (Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 92, 2002a, 361). There is still a gap, across the northern border of the Marmara Sea that has not ruptured, and this is the only sector that did not break on the NAF since the 1939 great Erzincan earthquake. Will it rupture as a whole with a large magnitude earthquake, or by segments with smaller magnitude events? The Hurst analysis of the overall behaviour of the seismicity in the Marmara region since historical times shows that if a large earthquake occurs in the near future, it might break the complete gap. The Hurst character of the time variation of seismicity is persistent with H= 0.82. The aftershocks of the 1999 Izmit earthquake can be analyzed by using the Hurst method, showing an exceptionally high persistent memory.  相似文献   

国际海洋新秩序及其对我国海洋经济的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

郭守前 《广东海洋大学学报》2004,24(2):1-7

国际海洋新秩序的形成以<联合国海洋法公约>的生效为标志.<公约>不仅赋予了沿海国对200 n mile专属经济区的主权权利等海洋权益,带来国际海洋形势的新趋势,而且会对我国海洋经济产生重要影响.<公约>的生效一方面促进了我国海洋法律的建设进程,扩大了海洋管辖;另一方面又使我国海洋经济权益受到新的威胁.专属经济区制度对我国海洋渔业生产和管理也将产生重要影响.  相似文献   

“黄河流域水资源演化规律与可再生性维持机理”研究进展   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

刘昌明 《地球科学进展》2006,21(10):991-998

黄河是中国第二条大河,流域面积80万km2,它曾是中华民族文化的摇篮。当前在中国西部大开发中具有举足轻重的重要战略地位。但是黄河流域地处中国的半干旱与半湿润地带,流域的水资源量先天不足,流域内的人均水资源占有量很少,相当全国人均水资源占有量的1/3。由于气候的暖干变化与人类活动的影响,过去30年来,黄河下游与其主要支流频繁地发生了断流,这种发展的征兆不仅加剧了脆弱的水资源供应与需求的平衡,而且给流域上、中、下游原有生态系统与环境带来更大的冲击。黄河的治理终归是涉及国家稳定和国家安全的大事。因此,1999年科技部在“国家重点基础研究发展规划”中立项,启动了5年研究项目“黄河流域水资源演化规律与可再生性维持机理”。作者作为项目的首席科学家根据项目各课题已发表的近900篇论文与几十部专著等大量成果,简要概括了黄河水资源的基础性、技术性和应用性研究等三大方面的进展。  相似文献   

黑体辐射定律遥感教学改革设计与实践     

孔祥生  钱永刚  张安定  李兆恒 《测绘科学》2012,37(6):184-186,137

普朗克黑体辐射定律是遥感类课程教学的重点和难点,本文以定律分析为核心,从数值模拟大气层顶太阳光谱辐照度曲线、卫星传感器光谱响应函数卷积计算、地物行星反射率计算及地表温度反演4个方面入手,对黑体辐射定律理论教学和实践教学内容进行优化设计和教学实现。实践证明,该教学改革不仅可以使学生更容易理解和掌握黑体辐射定律揭示的基本规律,而且以此为基础,能够使学生通过实践加深对地物两大特性(反射特性和热辐射特性)的理解,提高学生对遥感类课程的兴趣。  相似文献