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This paper surveys approaches to the economic valuation of ecosystems and the determination of their optimal utilisation. The components of the value of ecosystems are defined and methods of measurement are presented. Also discussed is a simple model of the economic use of a dynamic ecological system. Economically optimal trajectories are shown and scenarios are presented in which it is economically optimal to destroy the ecosystem. Particular problems arise if the ecosystem is a common-property resource as is often the case with marine ecosystems. This issue is also addressed. Moreover, the paper presents some extensions of the model that add complexity and uncertainty. 相似文献
303.
青藏高原冷湿地生态系统CH4排放量估算 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The areal extent of cold freshwater wetlands on the Tibetan Plateau is estimated to be 0.133×10 6 km 2, suggesting a significant methane potential. Methane fluxes from wet alpine meadows, peatlands, Hippuris vulgaris mires and secondary marshes were 43.18,12.96,-0.28 and 45.90 mg·m -2 ·d -1 , respectively, based on the transection studies at the Huashixia Permafrost Station from July to August 1996. Average CH 4 flux in the thaw season was extrapolated to be 5.68 g·m -2 according to the areal percentage of wetland areas in the Huashixia region. CH 4 fluxes at four fixed sites, representative of similar ecosystems, ranged from -19.384 to 347.15 mg·m -2 ·d -1 , and the average CH 4 fluxes varied from 6.54 to 71.97 mg·m -2 ·d -1 at each site from April to September 1997. CH 4 emissions at each site during the entire thaw season was estimated from 1.21 to 10.65 g·m -2 , displaying strong spatial variations. Seasonal variations of CH 4 fluxes were also observed at the four sites. It is found that CH 4 bursted in the early thaw season, and increased afterwards with rising soil temperatures. Episodic fluxes were observed in summer, which influenced the average CH 4 flux considerably. Annual CH 4 emissions from cold wetlands on the plateau were estimated at about 0.7~0.9 Tg based on the distribution of wetlands, representative CH 4 fluxes, and number of thaw days. The centers of CH 4 releasing are located in the sources of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, and Zoige Peatlands. 相似文献
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《国际泥沙研究》2020,35(3):287-294
The Suquia River,the largest urban river in Cordoba(Argentina),has been severely polluted for decades.Actions must be taken to restore its environmental quality by managing riparian zones for increased water-self purification.The current study aimed to characterize organic matter(OM) dynamics and humic substances(HS) spectrochemical properties along the lower-middle basin of the Suquia River.Riparian soil(0-20 cm) and sediment(0-10 cm) samples were collected from a reference location(S1)and four polluted sites(S2-S5) during a low-flow period.The contents of soil and sedimentary OM and HS fractions were analyzed by wet oxidation,as well as HS Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) and ultraviolet-visible(UV-Vis) spectrochemical properties.The OM and HS fractions from riparian soil were high upstream of Cordoba City(S1 and S2,50.2-50.4 g/kg OM) and within a 50 km downstream location(S5,30.9 g/kg OM) owing to a surplus of fresh plant biomass-carbon(C) inputs.Highly heterogeneous sediment samples did not show any significant differences among sites(P 0.05).The lowest values of the ratio of absorbances at 465 and 665 nm(E4/E6)(1.78) and the Δ log K(0.15) coefficient(a measure of HS maturity degree) were obtained downstream of Cordoba City,for both riparian soil and sediment,indicating that HS were enriched by more condensed aromatic structures within highly degraded portions of the river.All samples exhibited similar IR spectra,implying overlapping recalcitrant-C structures at the functional group level,but with different absorbance intensity.Data from the current study constitute a baseline for understanding the chemical nature of HS from sediment and riparian soil along the Suquia River and can be used as a reference for future studies tracking OM compositional changes over time. 相似文献
306.
PATRICK J. MULHOLLAND G. RONNIE BEST CHARLES C. COUTANT GEORGE M. HORNBERGER JUDY L. MEYER PETER J. ROBINSON JOHN R. STENBERG R. EUGENE TURNER FRANCISCO VERA-HERRERA ROBERT G. WETZEL 《水文研究》1997,11(8):949-970
The south-eastern United States and Gulf Coast of Mexico is physiographically diverse, although dominated by a broad coastal plain. Much of the region has a humid, warm temperate climate with little seasonality in precipitation but strong seasonality in runoff owing to high rates of summer evapotranspiration. The climate of southern Florida and eastern Mexico is subtropical with a distinct summer wet season and winter dry season. Regional climate models suggest that climate change resulting from a doubling of the pre-industrial levels of atmospheric CO2 may increase annual air temperatures by 3–4°C. Changes in precipitation are highly uncertain, but the most probable scenario shows higher levels over all but the northern, interior portions of the region, with increases primarily occurring in summer and occurring as more intense or clustered storms. Despite the increases in precipitation, runoff is likely to decline over much of the region owing to increases in evapotranspiration exceeding increases in precipitation. Only in Florida and the Gulf Coast areas of the US and Mexico are precipitation increases likely to exceed evapotranspiration increases, producing an increase in runoff. However, increases in storm intensity and clustering are likely to result in more extreme hydrographs, with larger peaks in flow but lower baseflows and longer periods of drought. The ecological effects of climate change on freshwaters of the region include: (1) a general increase in rates of primary production, organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling as a result of higher temperatures and longer growing seasons: (2) reduction in habitat for cool water species, particularly fish and macroinvertebrates in Appalachian streams; (3) reduction in water quality and in suitable habitat in summer owing to lower baseflows and intensification of the temperature–dissolved oxygen squeeze in many rivers and reservoirs; (4) reduction in organic matter storage and loss of organisms during more intense flushing events in some streams and wetlands; (5) shorter periods of inundation of riparian wetlands and greater drying of wetland soils, particularly in northern and inland areas; (6) expansion of subtropical species northwards, including several non-native nuisance species currently confined to southern Florida; (7) expansion of wetlands in Florida and coastal Mexico, but increase in eutrophication of Florida lakes as a result of greater runoff from urban and agricultural areas; and (8) changes in the flushing rate of estuaries that would alter their salinity regimes, stratification and water quality as well as influence productivity in the Gulf of Mexico. Many of the expected climate change effects will exacerbate current anthropogenic stresses on the region's freshwater systems, including increasing demands for water, increasing waste heat loadings and land use changes that alter the quantity and quality of runoff to streams and reservoirs. Research is needed especially in several critical areas: long-term monitoring of key hydrological, chemical and biological properties (particularly water balances in small, forested catchments and temperature-sensitive species); experimental studies of the effects of warming on organisms and ecosystem processes under realistic conditions (e.g. in situ heating experiments); studies of the effects of natural hydrological variation on biological communities; and assessment of the effects of water management activities on organisms and ecosystem processes, including development and testing of management and restoration strategies designed to counteract changes in climate. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献