Temporal evolution of scour at bridge abutments in compound channels     

《国际泥沙研究》2022,37(5):662-674

Bridge abutment-induced sediment scour in compound river channels is time-sensitive during floods, and, thus, estimating the scour rate has significance in design. In the current study, large-scale laboratory experiments were done to examine the influence of multiple factors on scour evolution, including channel geometry, bed mobility (clear-water or live-bed), and lateral (embankment intrusion) and vertical (deck submergence) flow contractions. A new method is applied for scour measurement and determination of characteristic scour trends. Results show that the non-dimensional time scale is related to flow intensity and may peak before reaching the clear-water scour threshold; the corresponding equations also are derived. It is found that the use of scour countermeasures has a significant impact on the scour rate, and the existing equations for unprotected abutments have limitations. Under clear-water conditions, the scour rate is closely related to the overall flow contraction, which can be better reflected by the ratio of the approaching unit discharge to that at the bridge section. Specifically, the effect of vertical flow contraction on scour rate is more dominant than other factors. Two scour rate curves are derived to suit different structural and flow contraction types for clear-water scour. In contrast, the live-bed scour rate data are generally consistent and fall in a narrow band, showing less dependence on other factors. Finally, a new design approach is established to estimate the time scale and scour rate using the new equations proposed in this paper.  相似文献   

Temporal variations of sediment and morphological characteristics at a large confluence accounting for the effects of floodplain submergence     

《国际泥沙研究》2022,37(5):619-638

The large confluence between the Yangtze River and the outflow channel of Poyang Lake is receiving attention due to its importance in flood control and ecological protection in the Yangtze River basin. There is a large floodplain along the outflow channel of Poyang Lake, which is submerged during high flow and dry during low flow. The effects of the submergence of this floodplain on sediment and morphological characteristics at this large confluence have not been known. Hence, a field investigation was done in March 2019 (relatively high flow, Survey 3) to complement the previous field studies done in August (high flow, Survey 1) and December 2018 (low flow, Survey 2) to identify the temporal variations of sediment and morphological characteristics considering the submergence of this large floodplain. The predominant sediment transport modes were wash load for Poyang Lake and confluence particles and mixed bedload/suspended load for the Yangtze River particles. The sediment transport processes were largely affected by both the secondary flows and the water density contrast between the tributaries with a lock-exchange sediment rich, denser flow moving across the inclined mixing interface in Surveys 1 and 2. The sediment flux across the mixing interface was weakened in Survey 3 when the density contrast was very small. The stagnation zone near the confluence apex had a low sediment concentration and played a role in preventing the sediment flux exchange between the two flows, and its size, and, thus, its importance as a barrier to sediment mixing were related to the submergence of the floodplain. The bed morphology with the local scour holes at the confluence was largely affected by the large-size helical cells, and this kind of effect was weakened as the secondary flows got restricted in Survey 3. The current results expand the database and knowledge on the sediment transport and morphological features of large river confluences.  相似文献   

The influence of lateral topographic confinement on fluvial channel‐belt clustering,compensation and connectivity – lower Wasatch Formation and Dakota Sandstone,Utah, USA     

《Sedimentology》2018,65(2):597-619

Fluvial channel‐belt clustering has recently been documented using quantitative metrics for systems dominated by autogenic controls. It has long been recognized that allogenic forcing (tectonic and eustatic controls) can lead to confinement of fluvial systems, resulting in clustering of channel belts. To date, no study has quantitatively documented the differences in channel‐belt clustering, compensational stacking of channel belts and interchannel‐belt connectivity in unconfined and confined systems. This study quantitatively compares world‐class outcrops of an unconfined fluvial system (Palaeocene lower Wasatch Formation) with outcrops of a confined fluvial system (Cretaceous Dakota Sandstone). Two new methods have been developed to quantitatively document channel‐belt clustering and intrachannel‐belt connectivity. These new methods, and other previously developed methods, are used to document an increase in channel‐belt clustering and intrachannel‐belt connectivity downdip in both systems. Additionally, it was found that channel belts within the unconfined system stack more compensationally than those in the confined system. These new methods and empirical relationships can be used for predicting intrachannel‐belt connectivity, and accurately modelling unconfined and confined fluvial systems in the subsurface.  相似文献   

青藏高原刻痕与地壳分层构造     

孙艳云  杨文采  侯遵泽  于常青 《地质论评》2015,61(2):269-280

本文针对青藏高原的科学问题,讨论多尺度刻痕分析结果的地质和大地构造含义。区域重力场小波多尺度刻痕分析方法可应用于刻画地壳分层的三维密度结构和构造变形带,取得的反映上、中和下地壳结构的3套图件,为研究地壳构造和物质运动提供了有深度标定的定量的约束。方法应用到青藏高原后,研究结果表明上地壳结晶基底的图件与地表观察的地质构造吻合图件,而得出的中、下地壳图件提供了地表观察难以准确辨识的大量信息。例如,青藏高原内密度较高的地体包括喜马拉雅地体、克什米尔地体、察隅河地体、柴达木地体、巴颜喀拉地体和羌塘地体。柴达木地体、巴颜喀拉地体和羌塘地体是青藏高原中有壳根的核,而密度最高的克什米尔和察隅河地体在大陆碰撞时不易碎裂,对东西两个构造结的形成起了关键作用。青藏高原地壳大尺度强烈的低密度扰动反映了下地壳流的源区或者侧向挤出管道流,下地壳流可分为垂向管道流和侧向管道流两种。反映地壳变形带的脊形化参数图标明了现今地壳不同深度构造的位置,这些包括古地体拼合缝合带、古俯冲变形带、走滑剪切变形带等。结合边界刻痕参数图,可以绘制出中、下地壳构造图。  相似文献   

地震沉积学在识别重力流沉积体系中的应用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张晶  李双文  袁淑琴  龙礼文  姚军  王菁 《沉积学报》2015,33(3):578-586

探讨地震沉积学方法在识别陆相断陷盆地重力流沉积体系的研究思路。以歧口凹陷歧南斜坡沙一段的深水厚层砂岩为研究对象, 在现代沉积学和地震沉积学理论和方法的指导下、分频解释和时频分析技术建立高频等时格架的基础上, 通过岩芯相精细描述确定沙一段主要发育重力流水道沉积体系。形成了以古地貌和地震属性约束物源方向, 预测重力流水道的宏观展布;地层切片、反演与三维可视化相结合刻画砂体空间展布形态的断陷湖盆沟道型重力流地震沉积学识别方法和技术。应用该方法对歧南斜坡重力流水道砂体进行了精细刻画, 为在歧口凹陷广泛发育的湖相泥岩中寻找岩性油气藏开辟新的勘探领域, 并在歧口凹陷油气勘探中取得了良好的应用效果, 同时也丰富和发展了断陷盆地重力流沉积体系的地震沉积学研究成果。  相似文献   

基于水量平衡的博斯腾湖水位变化分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

张涛  吴剑锋  林锦  吴鸣  张浩佳 《水文》2015,35(3):78-83

博斯腾湖是我国最大的内陆淡水湖,也是新疆南部地区重要的淡水资源。20世纪50年代以来,博斯腾湖水位多次剧烈变动。尤其是近30年,博斯腾湖水位波动尤为剧烈,甚至有不断加剧的趋势,这给该区经济建设和生态环境造成重大负面影响。基于水量平衡原理,分析博斯腾湖流域1986~2012年的气象水文数据,得到1986~2002年博斯腾湖水位急剧上升的原因在于开都河径流量的增加及开都河灌区引水量的减少。2002~2012年,开都河径流量持续走低,地下水的开采导致河道损失水量增大以及泵站扬水量的增加使得博斯腾湖水位急剧下降。  相似文献   

近期黄河下游游荡段滩岸崩退过程及特点   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

李洁  夏军强  邓珊珊  张晓雷 《水科学进展》2015,26(4):517-525

小浪底水库运行后,黄河下游游荡段河床冲刷剧烈,滩岸崩退过程较为显著。估算典型断面的滩岸崩退过程,不仅有助于全面掌握该河段的河床演变规律,同时也能为河道整治及规划等提供相关参数。以1999—2013年游荡段典型断面(水文断面及淤积断面)汛后实测地形资料为基础,确定了这些断面平滩河宽的调整过程,发现多年平均崩退速率最大达215 m/a;分析了影响滩岸崩退过程的不同因素,发现滩岸土体组成及力学特性、滩槽高差等因素虽对崩退过程有一定影响,但来水来沙条件是主要影响因素;分别建立了游荡段水文断面及淤积断面滩岸累计崩退宽度与前期5年平均汛期水流冲刷强度之间的经验关系,相关系数都在0.85以上。公式计算值与实测值吻合较好,可用来估算游荡段典型断面滩岸的崩退过程。  相似文献   

黄河下游高含沙洪水过程一维水沙耦合数学模型   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

夏军强  张晓雷  邓珊珊  李洁 《水科学进展》2015,26(5):686-697

采用浑水控制方程,建立了基于耦合解法的一维非恒定非均匀沙数学模型,用于模拟高含沙洪水演进时的河床冲淤过程.然后采用黄河下游游荡段1977年7—8月实测高含沙洪水资料对该模型进行率定,基于水沙耦合解法的各水文断面流量、总含沙量及分组含沙量的计算过程与实测过程符合更好,计算的沿程最高水位及累计河段冲淤量与实测值也较为符合.最后还采用2004年8月高含沙洪水资料对该模型进行了验证.模型率定及验证计算结果表明,采用一维水沙耦合模型计算高含沙洪水过程,能取得较高的精度.  相似文献   

近50年长江口南、北港及附近分汊型河槽的演变     

施野  张国安 《海洋通报》2015,34(3):260-266

依据1958-2006近50年海图资料,在GIS技术平台下,对海图进行数字化处理,建立不同时期水深数据库,对比计算不同时期河槽容积的变化,探讨近50年来流域来水来沙减少背景下长江口南、北港分汊型河槽容积变化及演变趋势。结果表明:(1)近50年来南、北港冲淤变化趋势一致,整体上略有淤积之势,局部性波动明显;复式河槽的出现与南支主泓摆动、涨落潮流路分异关系密切,是长江口多级分汊格局形成的缩影。(2)南、北槽河槽演变在20世纪80-90年代呈现此消彼长特征,经过南岸边滩淤积,南槽主泓偏移,水流深切边滩,巩固沙体4个过程形成江亚南沙,长江口二级分流节点处地貌演变复杂,总体可归纳为上游沙体下移,沙体合并,水道消亡。(3)近期河槽演变受人工设施影响显著,来水来沙减少使河槽延伸减缓,南北槽分水分沙条件逐渐改变。  相似文献   

河口潮汐栖息地生态恢复新技术CRT原理与应用     

杨欢  于瑞宏  郝瑞英  郝韵  张宇瑾 《海洋工程》2015,33(2):58-65

CRT(Controlled Reduced Tide)技术是一种河口潮间带潮汐栖息地恢复新技术,原理是使用简单的水闸结构将已建堤坝改良,通过恢复潮汐频率实现潮汐栖息地的生态修复。与已有恢复技术相比,CRT系统易于管理,并且能使潮汐栖息地的恢复效果更接近自然潮汐状态。目前,CRT技术已在比利时Schelde河口进行试验研究,并成功地修复了潮汐沼泽的植被生态,我国尚无CRT应用实例。以比利时Schelde河口CRT系统为例,阐明该系统对潮汐频率、植物、潮汐通道、土壤重金属及动物这五个方面的修复效果及优势,其应用经验可为我国河口潮汐栖息地的生态恢复提供行之有效的技术选择。  相似文献