Dissolution of well and poorly ordered kaolinites by an aerobic bacterium     

Patricia A. Maurice  Melanie A. Vierkorn  Larry E. Hersman  Julia E. Fulghum 《Chemical Geology》2001,180(1-4):81-97

Previous research by our group (e.g., [Chem. Geol. 132 (1996) 25; Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 64 (2000) 1363]) has shown that an aerobic Pseudomonas mendocina bacterium enhances Fe(hydr)oxide dissolution in order to obtain Fe under Fe-limited conditions. The P. mendocina is incapable of utilizing Fe as a terminal electron acceptor and requires several orders of magnitude lower Fe concentrations than do dissimilatory Fe reducing bacteria. The research reported here compared the effects of the P. mendocina on dissolution of well and poorly ordered Clay Minerals Society Source Clay kaolinites KGa-1b and KGa-2, respectively, under Fe-limited conditions. KGa-1b and KGa-2 contain 0.04 and 0.94 bulk wt.% Fe, respectively, and their surface Fe/Si atomic RATIOS=0.008 and 0.012. Following strong cleaning of the kaolinites in 5.8 M HCl at 85 °C, the surface Fe/Si atomic ratios decreased to 0.004 and 0.008, respectively. Both kaolinites also developed a Si-enriched surface precipitate upon strong cleaning.

Because the P. mendocina take up Fe, we could not measure Fe release from the kaolinite directly, but rather had to monitor it indirectly by comparing microbial populations sizes under Fe-limited growth conditions. We found that microbial growth on uncleaned, weakly cleaned, and strongly cleaned kaolinites increased with the amount of Fe readily available to organic ligands as estimated by dissolution in 0.001 M oxalate (pH 3). This suggests that it is the amount of readily accessible Fe that controls Fe acquisition and hence microbial growth. The trend is based on only a relatively small range of kaolinite Fe contents, and the research thus needs to be expanded to include kaolinites with a broader range of bulk and surface Fe concentrations.

Significant enhancement of Al release was observed in the presence of the bacteria, along with generally some enhancement of Si release. This enhancement of kaolinite dissolution could be related to an observed pH increase from 7–8 to 9 in the presence of the bacteria and/or to production of Al chelating agents. The P. mendocina produce a variety of organic exudates, including siderophores [Chem. Geol. 132 (1996) 25; Geomicrobiology (2001b)], and further studies into the effects of the siderophores on Al complexation and on kaolinite dissolution are ongoing.  相似文献   

Partitioning of heavy metals on soil samples from column tests   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

R. N. Yong  W. Z. W. Yaacob  S. P. Bentley  C. Harris  B. K. Tan   《Engineering Geology》2001,60(1-4):307-322

In this study, column tests were used to determine the retention capability of three types of estuarine alluvia collected adjacent to landfill sites in South Wales. Selective sequential extraction (SSE) was used to study the retention mechanisms of heavy metals in the soil columns obtained from leaching experiments. Acid digestion was later used to check the validity of the SSE results. Breakthrough curves show good retention of heavy metal ions (Pb, Cu, and Zn) by all soils, where almost 99% of heavy metals were retained with the C_e/C_o values in the order of 10⁻³. The retention strength of these soils was observed to be constant up to five pore volumes (PV). This corresponds with the pH of the effluents and pore water of soil slices, which also show good buffering capacity against very acidic leachate up to 5PV. The heavy metal extraction profiles from SSE show very similar trends with the retention profiles from the leaching experiments, where heavy metals were retained mainly at the top part where the leachate entered the column. SSE indicates qualitatively that heavy metals precipitated with carbonates and amorphous materials (oxides/hydroxides) are higher than heavy metal retention via exchangeable mechanisms. The mass balance calculation gives range of deviation of 1–16% of the total soil extraction. The distribution of the heavy metals with various soil constituents are ranked in the following order: Carbonates>Amorphous oxides hydroxides>Organic matter>Exchangeable phases.  相似文献   

云南某工区F1断裂断层物质特征及其意义   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

张秉良  方仲景 《华南地震》1993,13(4):39-45

断层物质是断层活动的产物,采用多种测试技术从断层物质中必定能提取出与断层活动有关的信息。通过对F_1断裂断层泥中粘土矿物X射线衍射、热释光测年、石英碎砾SEM观测、断层泥显微构造分析等多种方法的综合研究,结果表明,F_1断裂最后一次活动时期在中更新世晚期,活动方式是以粘滑为主,且断层泥形成时温度小于200℃。  相似文献   

Facies characteristics, morphology and depositional models of clay-slide deposits in terraced fjord valleys, Norway     

Louise Hansen  Raymond S. Eilertsen  Harald Sveian 《Sedimentary Geology》2007,202(4):710-729

Many bedrock-confined fjord valleys along the Norwegian coast contain thick accumulations of fine-grained sediments that were deposited during and after the last deglaciation. The deposits gradually emerged above sea level due to glacioisostatic uplift, and fjord marine sedimentation was gradually followed by shallow marine and fluvial processes. During emergence terraces and river-cut slopes were formed in the valleys. Subsequent leaching of salt ions from the pore water in the marine deposits by groundwater has led to the development of quick clay. The deposits are subject to river erosion and destructive landslides involving quick clay. Most slides are of prehistoric age. Others are known from modern observations as well as from historic records.Landforms such as distinct slide scars or the hummocky terrain of slide deposits may be strongly modified by secondary processes. In addition, deposits from the most liquid part of quick clay slides may have planar surfaces. Clay-slide deposits on a fluvial or deltaic terrace, therefore, are not always easily recognized from morphology, and only exposures may reveal their internal structures and allow them to be distinguished from overbank flood sediments. Detailed sedimentological work shows that slide deposits in such setting consist of distinct facies containing reworked marine sediments. We propose three facies successions of clay-slide deposits that form a continuum. The dominant components of these succession types are: slightly deformed blocks of laminated clay and silt (A), highly deformed clay and silt with gravel clasts (B) and massive to stratified clay and silt with scattered clasts (C). We suggest that in many cases a basal muddy diamicton is a characteristic, and possibly diagnostic feature. Processes and depositional models are interpreted from the different succession types. The results may be relevant for identifying clay-slide deposits elsewhere and may be useful during general mapping of fjord marine deposits and characterization of slide-prone areas as well as during identification of prehistoric slides.  相似文献   

新疆库车凹陷侏罗系多粒级黏土矿物分析方法及其对沉积-成岩环境的指示     

吴朝东  王琪琪冯雪 顾萧 《岩石学报》2007,23(7):1655-1663

本文选取库车坳陷侏罗系阿合组—齐古组的碎屑岩样品,利用 Stokes 原理,通过同步跟进与离心分析相结合的多粒级提取的方式提取不同粒径的黏土矿物,包括>20μm;20μm～5μm;5μm～2μm;2μm～0.2μm和<0.2μm。不同粒径组分的黏土矿物呈现出不同的型貌特征,在20～2μm范围内的样品中,自生黏土矿物少见,大量可见碎屑来源的黏土矿物,由于经过了长期的机械搬运,难见完整的晶型。在<2μm的样品中大量存在自生黏土矿物,大量成集合体,同时也存在碎屑蚀变成因的黏土矿物。通过 XRD 方法定量分析了所分离出的不同粒径黏土矿物的相对含量,黏土粒径范围内的黏土矿物相对含量呈现些规律变化。碎屑伊利石含量有随着粒级的减小而减少的趋势,而自生伊利石和伊蒙混层只在2～0.2μm及0.2μm以下粒级才出现,并且集中在0.2μm以下粒级范围内;在古气候,沉积环境和母岩特性及分布基本一致的情况下,高岭石的分布有随着岩性的变粗呈现升高的趋势,而伊利石呈负相关关系。碎屑岩中黏土矿物的形貌特征表明,黏土矿物有陆源碎屑来源与自生两种成因,应用 Decoform 软件对0.2μm以下黏土矿物中不同成因的伊利石进行了计算,并就存在的比例与粒径的关系进行了讨论。黏土矿物组合揭示侏罗纪沉积环境由酸性环境向微碱性环境过渡,早侏罗世和中侏罗世早期为气候潮湿时期,高岭石的含量明显高于侏罗世晚期地层,恰克马克期到齐古期高岭石含量开始出现减小的趋势。从恰克马克期开始,气候缓慢向干旱变化,高龄石含量降低,而伊利石的平均含量明显增加,反映黏土矿物组合主要受沉积环境和成岩作用共同影响。  相似文献   

Compressional behavior of clayey sand and transition fines content     

Mehmet Murat Monkul  Gurkan Ozden   《Engineering Geology》2007,89(3-4):195-205

Clayey sand can be considered as a composite matrix of coarse and fine grains. The interaction between coarser and finer grain matrices affects the overall stress–strain behavior of these soils. Intergranular void ratio, e_s (which is the void ratio of the coarser grain matrix) can be utilized as an alternative parameter to express the compressive response of such soils. Oedometer tests conducted on reconstituted kaolinite–sand mixtures indicate that initial conditions, percentage of fines, and stress conditions influence the compression characteristics evidently. Tests showed that, up to a fraction of fines, which is named as transition fines content (FC_t), compression behavior of the mixtures is mainly controlled by the sand grains. When concentration of fines exceeds FC_t, kaolinite controls the compression. It was found that FC_t varies between 19% and 34% depending on the above mentioned factors. This range of fines content is also consistent with various values reported in literature regarding the strength alteration. Performed direct shear tests revealed that there is also a close relationship between transition fines content and shear strength, which is harmonic with the oedometer test results.  相似文献   

North-south transfer zones and paleo-morphological reconstruction of the Xylokastro area (Corinth Gulf, Greece)     

Joachim Place  Yves Graud  Marc Diraison  Laurence Warr 《Tectonophysics》2007,440(1-4):121-139

A large number of studies have documented the structural and sedimentary architecture of the Corinth Gulf, especially the major E–W trending normal faults important in accommodating the main extensional strain and associated growth of the Gilbert fan deltas. However, the role of several N–S oriented structures that crop out at the surface and are detectable at depth by seismic reflection and gravity surveys are not clearly understood. Based on new geological data, collected near Xylokastro, we describe the N–S oriented tectonic activity of this area. The mapped inland faults correspond to off-shore structures identified in re-interpreted seismic lines and appear to have acted as a major transfer zone during the opening of the Corinth Gulf. Reconstruction of the paleo-topography based on sedimentary facies and the environment of clay mineral formation suggest these transfer zones played an important role in controlling both local structural relief and depositional conditions of the Gilbert fan deltas.  相似文献   

Characteristics and implication of clay minerals in the northern and southern parts of the Chelung-pu fault, Taiwan   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Y. Hashimoto  K. Ujiie  A. Sakaguchi  H. Tanaka 《Tectonophysics》2007,443(3-4):233

In this study, we report the characteristics of clay minerals present in the Chelung-pu fault in Taiwan. In the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, different slip motions were recorded along the Chelung-pu fault in the northern and southern parts of the fault. The characteristics of clay minerals present in the fault zones can be attributed to the differences in motion. We analyzed the shallow drill core samples obtained from the northern and southern sites penetrating the fault. The clay minerals identified in most of the samples from both the sites are smectite, illite, and chlorite. There are illite–smectite mixed layers with a high illite content and no chlorite–smectite mixed layer. In some samples, no smectite is detected. We also examined the iron content and symmetry of iron and magnesium in the silicate and hydroxide layers in chlorite. At the northern site, the total iron content in chlorite of gouge is larger than that of the host rocks. On the other hand, at the southern site, the total iron content varies widely. It is hypothesized that the smectite consumption and differences in the characteristics of chlorite may be controlled by the differences in the lithology, fluid chemistry, fluid temperature, or fault activities (heating or breakage) between the northern and southern sites.  相似文献   

沧参1井石炭,二叠纪地层粘土矿物年代学研究     

胡振铎  朱杰辰 《铀矿地质》1998,14(4):218-226

笔者对沧参1井石炭、二叠纪地层中的粘土矿物特征进行研究,并对不同深度的粘土矿物进行了K－Ar、40Ar－39Ar及Rb－Sr法同位素地质年龄测定,得出至少存在三期伊利石的结论;碎屑伊利石,年龄为400Ma左右,在235—243Ma时受到热扰动;海西期末一印支早期形成的高温伊利石,其年龄为214—234Ma,在145Ma时经受一次热扰动;早侏罗世时期形成的伊利石,年龄为180Ma左右,分布比较普遍。这一研究结果无疑将有助于深入探讨区域地热场的演化,以及进一步研究有关地层的生、储油气能力。  相似文献   

Identifying parameters controlling soil delayed behaviour from laboratory and in situ pressuremeter testing     

Zhen‐Yu Yin  Pierre‐Yves Hicher 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2008,32(12):1515-1535

The aim of this paper is to present a methodology for identifying the soil parameters controlling the delayed behaviour from laboratory and in situ pressuremeter tests by using an elasto‐viscoplastic model (EVP‐MCC) based on Perzyna's overstress theory and on the elasto‐plastic Modified Cam Clay model. The influence of both the model parameters and the soil permeability was studied under the loading condition of pressuremeter tests by coupling the proposed model equations with Biot's consolidation theory. On the basis of the parametric study, a methodology for identifying model parameters and soil permeability by inverse analysis from three levels of constant strain rate pressuremeter tests was then proposed and applied on tests performed on natural Saint‐Herblain clay. The methodology was validated by comparing the optimized values of soil parameters and the values of the same parameters obtained from laboratory test results, and also by using the identified parameters to simulate other tests on the same samples. The analysis of the drainage condition and the strain rate effect during a pressuremeter test demonstrated the coupled influence of consolidation and viscous effects on the test results. The numerical results also showed that the inverse analysis procedure could successfully determine the parameters controlling the time‐dependent soil behaviour. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献