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21.
利用错流超滤技术提取天然胶体,研究了胶体的有机碳浓度、粒径和来源对海水小球藻(Chlorellaspp.)、亚心形扁藻(Platymonassubcordiformis)和球等鞭金藻(Isochrysisgalbana)生长的影响。结果表明,当粒径为10kDa—0.2μm、胶体有机碳浓度为4.8—238.4μmol/L时,胶体使小球藻、扁藻和金藻的生长率分别提高了4.0%—7.0%、19.1%—28.9%和2.9%—8.7%。海水小球藻生长率的相对增长百分数(Y)值与胶体有机碳浓度(CCOC)呈线性正相关;亚心形扁藻和球等鞭金藻的Y与CCOC呈多项式相关;胶体对扁藻生长的刺激作用大于球等鞭金藻和海水小球藻。粒径为10kDa—0.2μm的胶体对3种藻的促进作用大于1—10kDa的胶体。河口、河流和生源胶体使小球藻的生长率提高1.5%—14.1%,不同来源的3种胶体对海水小球藻的促进作用依序是河流胶体>生源胶体>河口胶体。以上结果表明,天然胶体含有微藻生长所必需的营养元素,对微藻的生长有显著的刺激作用。 相似文献
22.
Numerical experiments are conducted to examine the effects of gravity on monodisperse and polydisperse colloid transport in water-saturated fractures with uniform aperture. Dense colloids travel in water-saturated fractures by advection and diffusion while subject to the influence of gravity. Colloids are assumed to neither attach onto the fracture walls nor penetrate the rock matrix based on the assumptions that they are inert and their size is larger than the pore size of the surrounding solid matrix. Both the size distribution of a colloid plume and colloid density are shown to be significant factors impacting their transport when gravitational forces are important. A constant-spatial-step particle-tracking code simulates colloid plumes with increasing densities transporting in water-saturated fractures while accounting for three forces acting on each particle: a deterministic advective force due to the Poiseuille flow field within the fracture, a random force caused by Brownian diffusion, and the gravitational force. Integer angles of fracture orientation with respect to the horizontal ranging from ±90° are considered: three lognormally distributed colloid plumes with mean particle size of 1 μm (averaged on a volumetric basis) and standard deviation of 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 μm are examined. Colloid plumes are assigned densities of 1.25, 1.5, 1.75 and 2.0 g/cm3. The first four spatial moments and the first two temporal moments are estimated as functions of fracture orientation angle and colloid density. Several snapshots of colloid plumes in fractures of different orientations are presented. In all cases, larger particles tend to spread over wider sections of the fracture in the flow direction, but smaller particles can travel faster or slower than larger particles depending on fracture orientation angle. 相似文献
23.
本文应用显微镜和扫描电镜对下石炭统马角坝组顶部的铁质鲕粒的研究发现:铁质鲕粒由核心和同心圈层组成,核心成分主要是赤铁矿碎屑和石英颗粒,圈层厚度较小,整体呈胶状形态,由赤铁矿围绕核心呈致密板状平行排列,整体上结构一致;铁质鲕粒是在适合的pH、Eh条件下,大量铁质围绕石英碎屑或矿物碎屑转动时胶体沉积形成的,沉积环境为潮间-潮下的浅水动荡环境,是大规模海退暴露后海平面初始上升期的产物。 相似文献
24.
Sampling has inherent uncertainties when applied tothe sub-micron fraction of natural waters.Processes of aggregation, biological activity andchemical transformation potentially effect changesimmediately after a sample is taken from the waterbody and there is no suitable method of samplestabilization. The size distribution and associatedphysical and chemical parameters of colloids in theaquatic environment can be effectively stable overshort periods of time (about two days under idealconditions, but frequently much shorter timeintervals). To achieve accurate representations of thesize distribution and associated colloidalcharacteristics in situ techniques are required,although adequate approximations may be obtained undersome circumstances if separation is done immediatelyafter sampling. This paper reviews the currentlyavailable strategies for separation and analysis ofcolloids from natural waters (primarily filtration andcentrifugation) and discusses their uses andlimitations, as well as potential uses of promisingtechniques (voltammetry, gels, field-flowfractionation, SPLITT). For small colloids, thetechniques of voltammetry, dialysis, DET and DGT maybe used to obtain in situ information. Forlarger colloids it is more difficult to performmeasurements in situ and a combination of rapidfractionation procedures, including filtration,field-flow fractionation and SPLITT, may still berequired. 相似文献
25.
胶体作为水环境中广泛存在的一类纳米颗粒物,因其粒径小、比表面积大、吸附位点多等特点,能够吸附有机污染物,并改变和控制其环境行为.全氟化合物（PFCs）疏水疏油、环境持久性强,在水环境中势必与胶体介质结合,形成复合污染效应.本文以不同受纳河湖系统作为研究区域,选取4种典型的PFCs为目标物,主要包括：全氟辛酸（PFOA）、全氟壬酸（PFNA）、全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）、全氟正癸酸（PFDA）,研究其在传统溶解相中的空间分布特征及胶体吸附潜能,并评估其生态风险水平,主要结果如下：（1）4种PFCs在研究区域传统溶解相和胶体相中均被检出,检出率为78.8%~100%,总浓度范围分别在12.5~92.1和5.4~49.9 ng/L之间.在传统溶解相和胶体相中,PFOA均为最主要的PFCs,贡献率在65%以上,其次是PFOS、PFNA和PFDA.（2）从介质分布来看,胶体是PFCs的重要吸附载体,平均吸附贡献率在42.6%~66.1%之间,其中胶体对PFDA的吸附潜能最大,平均吸附贡献率为66.1%,其次是PFNA（53.5%）、PFOA（47.0%）和PFOS（42.6%）,胶体对PFCs的吸附贡献率与其正辛醇水分配系数（lgKOW）呈显著正相关.（3）从空间分布来看,PFCs在居民聚集区污染水平最高,平均浓度为71.2 ng/L,其次是溱湖湿地公园,平均浓度为43.3 ng/L.工业区、农业区及城市区,PFCs污染水平相当,平均浓度在30~40 ng/L之间,水产养殖区污染水平最低.（4）通过风险熵值法（RQ）和水环境质量基准对检出PFCs进行风险评价,发现58%水域中的水生生物处于PFOS引起的低风险状态,主要集中于工业区以及居民聚集区.且所有采样点中PFOS的污染水平均高于欧盟委员会设定的PFOS在淡水环境中的年均环境质量标准（0.65 ng/L）,低于最大允许浓度36 μg/L.PFOS在水环境长期赋存引起的慢性毒理风险不容忽视. 相似文献
26.
了解城市内湖水中胶体的环境行为对研究湖泊水环境中污染物的迁移转化意义重大.微生物降解及自团聚过程是湖泊水体中胶体转化的重要途径,然而目前有关不同粒径胶体在微生物降解及自团聚作用下荧光特性变化的报道还非常少.基于此,本文选取南昌市内最大的湖泊（瑶湖）及其支流水体,通过切向超滤技术、三维荧光光谱法及平行因子分析法（PARAFAC）,分析了在灭菌及微生物存在下两种水样含不同粒径胶体的水体（即W原水、W1 μm、W0.45 μm和W1 kDa）中荧光特性的变化情况.通过PARAFAC模型共解析出3个类腐殖质组分（C1~C3）和1个类蛋白质组分（C4）.初始时刻所有水样均以类腐殖质组分含量更高,且大都集中在1 kDa~0.45 μm粒径胶体中.两种水样荧光物质的减少为微生物降解及自团聚作用共同主导,自团聚作用约占50%.相较于小粒径（W1 kDa）胶体,微生物降解对大（W原水）、中（W1 μm）粒径胶体中荧光物质减少的影响更大.此外,类蛋白物质主要以微生物降解占主导,并出现类蛋白物质从大粒径向小粒径胶体转移的现象;而类腐殖物质的降解以自团聚作用为主,并出现类腐殖物质由小粒径向大粒径胶体的转移. 相似文献
27.
Li Li Zhang Zheng-bin Wang Zhao-ding Zhao Wei Peng Yun-hui Huang Hong-hui Pan Ming-xiang 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2000,18(4):363-371
This paper discusses the measured concentrations of trace metals in different size fractions at Daya Bay, and describes the
features of distribution and variation of lead, copper and cadmium there. On average, 16% of Pb, 10% of Cu and 8% of Cd which
previously would have been considered in the dissolved phase are actually associated with colloidal material. Thus, past studies
overestimate the dissolved trace-metal concentration. The correlation between the colloidal fraction and the so-called dissolved
fraction suggests the significant role of colloidal material in the biogeochemistry of trace metals.
Project supported by the National “Ninth-Five-Year Plan” Special Project (No.97-926-04-03) and “KZ95T-04-04-04” Fund. 相似文献
28.
Floodplain effects on the transport of dissolved and colloidal trace elements in the East Pearl River,Mississippi 
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下载免费PDF全文 Substantial work suggests that floodplain wetlands could play a role in modifying fluvial fluxes of dissolved and colloidal trace elements. Yet, few studies have directly addressed this issue. We examined trace elements in the East Pearl River (Mississippi or Louisiana, USA), which is surrounded by wetlands that are temporally more or less connected to the river depending on river stage. Dissolved and colloidal trace element samples, along with ancillary data, including dissolved organic carbon and nutrients, were collected during eight surveys of this system at different flow stages from November 2007 to September 2008. Hydrology of the system is complex due to seasonal changes in water sources as well as potential inputs from the floodplain wetlands and the hyporheic zone. We therefore considered effects including nonconservative mixing of water sources, saltwater intrusion, and floodplain wetland flux requirements needed to support observed downstream concentration changes. During moderately high discharge, fluxes of many elements (e.g., Cd, Fe, Mn, and Zn) increased downstream by 20% or more, with inputs from the floodplain wetlands as the apparent source. At the highest discharge, however, wetland inputs to the river may have been rate‐limited (i.e., the wetland source was flushed faster than biogeochemical processes could regenerate dissolved or colloidal material). At low discharge, other effects, including saltwater intrusion and hyporheic zone interactions, are important. Both redox processes and organic ligands (or dissolved organic carbon), along with the supply of wetland inputs (or removal) relative to river fluxes, appear to be key factors determining floodplain wetland effects. While the behavior of some elements suggests they were dominantly affected by redox processes (Mn and V) or by organic complexation (dissolved Fe and light rare earths), other elements were affected by more than one process in ways that remain obscure (Cu). Overall our results are broadly consistent with previous field, laboratory, and modeling studies and suggest that a better understanding of the sources and transformations of Fe is a key area for future research. 相似文献
29.
Although understanding colloid composition has been frequently cited as essential to predicting contaminant transport in natural waters, most current methods to collect and identify colloid composition chemically alter the colloids prior to analysis and fail to identify colloid mineralogy and organic components. This paper presents a new, low‐cost method employing attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR) to identify colloids including organic material in concentrated suspensions. The concentration method employing tangential ultrafiltration at a steady temperature prevents redistribution of dissolved phase and suspended sediments into the colloidal fraction through post‐sampling reactions. ATR‐FTIR allows for direct analysis of concentrated suspensions rather than requiring drying that may alter composition in the colloidal phase, for example, by precipitating carbonates in samples from karst waters. The ability of this technique to monitor variation in colloidal composition is demonstrated through the examination of colloids under two different flow conditions in a karst aquifer and the West Branch of the Susquehanna River in Central Pennsylvania. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
30.
Matthieu Waeles Virginie Tanguy Gaëtane Lespes Ricardo D. Riso 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2008,80(4):538-544
The frontal cascade ultrafiltration (UF) technique in conjunction with stripping chronopotentiometry (SCP) has been evaluated for determining the colloidal distribution of Cu, Pb and Cd in estuarine waters. Metallic concentrations in seven size fractions (0.45 μm–0.22 μm; 0.22 μm–300 kDa; 300–50 kDa; 50–30 kDa; 30–10 kDa; 10–5 kDa; <5 kDa) were determined with the aim to investigate their changes along the salinity gradient of the Penzé system (NW France). These data, completed by analysis of the total dissolved metals at 10 stations over the whole freshwater–seawater mixing zone, provided some insights in the removal and addition processes that affect Cu, Pb and Cd in estuaries. 相似文献