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31.
Geomaterials respond to some environmental circumstances through generation of a series of feedback mechanisms of damage, deformation, erosion, and chemical processes or reactions: e.g. osmosis, dissolution and precipitation, mineral transformations. These mechanisms are coupled at different scales. Several natural geomechanical processes, as sediment compaction, rock weathering or landsliding appear to include such sequences of mechanisms. A multi-physics model of sediment compaction is examined from the point of view of feedbacks and feedforwards for the phenomena involved at micro- and meso-scale. Two types of feedback are identified: constitutive feedbacks and boundary condition feedbacks. A numerical sensitivity study points out which feedbacks and feedforwards are strong and which are weak. 相似文献
32.
During specific intervals within Mesozoic and Cenozoic times, several areas of the southwestern Barents Sea were subjected to uplift and erosion. Areas with missing shallow stratigraphic interval sections and major erosion can be seen at several places along interpreted regional profiles in the southwestern Barents Sea. A new Normal Compaction Trend (NCT) for two selected shale– and sandstone–dominated lithologies has been constructed based on sonic logs in the southwestern Barents Sea. The shale– dominated NCT is calibrated to the Cretaceous shales in the northern North Sea and Norwegian Sea and applied to the Cretaceous shales of the Barents Sea. The sandstone–dominated NCT is calibrated to the Lower Jurassic Åre Formation of the Norwegian Sea and applied to the Lower Jurassic–Upper Triassic coastal plain section in the Barents Sea. By utilising the NCT model, the study estimates net apparent erosion in 28 selected Barents Sea wells based on comparison of sonic log velocities. A net apparent erosion map of the study area was constructed by gridding of the well values. The accuracy of the map is limited in areas with little well control, such as in the northwest, where the east–west transition into the southwestern Barents Sea region is poorly constrained. With that in mind, the map clearly shows two regional trends which dominate the erosion pattern in the study area; an increasing amount of erosion towards the north and a sharp decrease of erosion westwards of the hinge zone into the southwestern Barents Sea. The highest erosion estimates are observed towards Svalbard, with values up to 2500 m. The results of this study can be further utilized in petroleum system studies in the eroded areas. 相似文献
33.
Facies controls on the distribution of diagenesis and compaction in fluvial-deltaic deposits 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Upper Triassic – Lower Jurassic Åre Formation comprising the deeper reservoir in the Heidrun Field offshore mid-Norway consists of fluvial channel sandstones (FCH), floodplain fines (FF), and sandy and muddy bay-fill sediments (SBF, MBF) deposited in an overall transgressive fluvial to lower delta plain regime. The formation has been investigated to examine possible sedimentary facies controls on the distribution of cementation and compaction based on petrography and SEM/micro probe analyses of core samples related to facies associations and key stratigraphic surfaces. The most significant authigenic minerals are kaolinite, calcite and siderite. Kaolinite and secondary porosity from dissolution of feldspar and biotite are in particular abundant in the fluvial sandstones. The carbonate minerals show complex compositional and micro-structural variation of pure siderite (Sid I), Mg-siderite (Sid II), Fe-dolomite, ankerite and calcite, displaying decreasing Fe from early to late diagenetic carbonate cements. An early diagenetic origin for siderite and kaolinite is inferred from micro-structural relations, whereas pore filling calcite and ankerite formed during later diagenesis. The Fe-dolomite probably related to mixing-zone dolomitization from increasing marine influences, and a regional correlatable calcite cemented layer has been related to a flooding event. Porosity values in non-cemented sandstone samples are generally high in both FCH and SBF facies associations averaging 27%. Differential compaction between sandstone and mudstone has a ratio of up to 1:2 and with lower values for MBF. We emphasize the role of eogenetic siderite cementation in reducing compactability in the fine-grained, coal-bearing sediments most prominent in MBF facies. This has implications for modeling of differential compaction between sandstone and mudstones deposited in fluvial-deltaic environments. 相似文献
34.
Mechanical compaction of sand-rich reservoirs usually occurs during shallow burial and involves the rearrangement of framework grains and the ductile deformation of soft lithoclasts. The reservoir quality (porosity and permeability) of some Neogene sandstones of the South Caspian Basin has, however, been dramatically reduced by mechanical compaction involving extensive grain-fracturing (i.e. porosity collapse). These sandstones were probably susceptible to pervasive grain-fracturing because they were buried rapidly and experienced compressional deformation prior to reaching 80 °C. Consequently, they did not undergo quartz cementation and were therefore exposed to high stresses while they were extremely weak. Grain-size and structural position are also important controls on the distribution of grain fracturing in the onshore analogue in the Apsheron Peninsula. Microstructural analysis confirms that susceptibility to distributed grain-fracturing increases with increasing grain-size. Structural position has also an important impact on the distribution of porosity collapse. In particular, sandstones within the hinges of folded sections have undergone much more extensive grain-fracturing than within the surrounding area; the increased stresses in this structural position have enhanced distributed grain-fracturing and subsequent deformation band development. 相似文献
35.
从颗粒物质的角度探讨了风积沙的压实特性和机理。研究表明,风积沙的重型击实试验曲线呈"双驼峰"形式,表明风积沙具有干压实的特性,水在风积沙的压实过程中扮演着不同的作用;室内振动试验表明振动加速度及振动时间影响着风积沙"巴西坚果效应"与"反巴西坚果效应"之间的转化,从而影响风积沙的振实密度,二者均存在一个产生最大振实干密度的最优值。现场试验通过控制机械参数(振幅A=0.4mm,频率f=48Hz)在压实5遍的时候,可使压实度达到96.8%,CBR值达到25.3,均能满足《公路路基设计规范》要求。 相似文献
36.
The knowledge of the bedrock topography (instead of the ocean-floor relief) is required in various geoscience studies investigating the evolution and structure of the oceanic lithosphere. The gross density structure and thickness of marine sediments were obtained from ocean drilling data or seismic surveys. Alternatively, marine gravity data corrected for the ocean and sediment density contrasts can be used for a detailed mapping of the bedrock topography. In this study, we compute and apply the sediment stripping correction to marine gravity data. The sediment density distribution is approximated by a 3-D density model derived based on the analysis of density samples from the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Methods for a spherical harmonic analysis and synthesis are utilized in computing the sediment stripping correction. Results show that this correction varies between 0 and 32 mGal. We also demonstrate that the approximation of heterogeneous sediment structures by a uniform density model yields large errors. The spectral analysis reveals a high correlation (>0.75) between the sediment-stripped marine gravity data and the bedrock topography. The application of the sediment stripping correction to marine gravity data enhanced the gravitational signature of the sediment-bedrock interface. 相似文献
37.
凭借着高产油气流,玛湖凹陷北斜坡带百口泉组砂砾岩储层成为近年来颇受储层沉积学家们关注的热点区域。层段内砂砾岩储层储集物性表现出明显的差异性,其控制机理一直尚未明确。本文按照流体成因差异,将层段内岩石相划分为4 种类型：牵引流成因的砂砾岩相、含砾砂岩相、砂岩相,以及重力流成因的砂砾岩相。在不断埋深过程中,重力流砂砾岩相的压实进程远远早于且明显强于牵引流砂砾岩相。而随后持续深埋过程中,重力流砂砾岩相孔隙度不再明显降低,渗透率却呈现明显增加,表明重力流砂砾岩相内的微裂缝开始发育。上述压实效应的差异造成了在储集空间上,牵引流砂砾岩相以原生粒间孔为主要类型,而重力流砂砾岩相则以粒内溶孔和微裂缝为主要类型。最终在宏观储集物性上,牵引流砂砾岩相储集性能明显优于重力流砂砾岩相,成为研究层段内有效的储集体。 相似文献
38.
A model test was conducted for a newly developed soil nail, the result of which was compared to that of a 3D finite element method (FEM) simulation. The shape angle (β) and friction coefficients (μ) contributed to the difference in pull-out force between the model test and the simulation. Further verifications were conducted, during which the pull-out mechanisms of the soil nail for different β and μ were analysed. It was found that both β and μ have a positive influence on the pull-out force; β only affects the increase rate, while μ influences the overall pull-out force level. Three components were found to govern the pull-out force, with the component applied to the expanded cement bulk surface accounting for approximately 80% of the total. This study proves that the optimal approach for increasing pull-out force is to enlarge the diameter of the cement bulk rather than extend the nail length. 相似文献
39.
在系统收集研究区及周边现今地形起伏、白垩系露头分布、地层分布、地层压力测试数据以及地层水化学分析数据的基础上,采用同剥压实恢复方法研究了滨北地区离心流水动力特征.根据隐露头分布的时代和位置判断了不同时期大气淋滤水下渗的位置.采用盆地水动力模拟软件Basin 2再现了滨北地区水动力场的历史演化过程,研究了不同地质历史时期淋滤水进入地层的强度和范围.采用流体势理论分析了滨北地区油气运聚规律,认为丰体坳陷区水动力以压实水为主,油气由盆地中心向盆地边缘运移;盆地边缘地区受淋滤水影响,局部改变油气运移方向或使已形成的油气藏降解. 相似文献
40.
Stephen L. Karner Frederick M. Chester Andreas K. Kronenberg Judith S. Chester 《Tectonophysics》2003,377(3-4):357-381
Cylindrical samples of water-saturated, initially loose, St. Peter quartz sand were consolidated using triaxial deformation apparatus at room temperature, constant fluid pressure (12.5 MPa), and elevated confining pressures (up to 262.5 MPa). The samples were deformed along four loading paths: (1) hydrostatic stressing tests in which confining pressure was monotonically increased; (2) hydrostatic stress cycling similar to (1) except that effective pressure was periodically decreased to initial conditions; (3) triaxial deformation at constant effective pressure in which differential stress was applied after raising effective pressure to an elevated level; and (4) triaxial stress cycling similar to (3) except that the axial differential stress was periodically decreased to zero. Hydrostatic stressing at a constant rate results in a complex nonlinear consolidation response. At low pressures, large strains occur without significant acoustic emission (AE) activity. With increased pressure, the stress versus strain curve becomes quasi-linear with a corresponding nonlinear increase in AE rates. At elevated pressures, macroscopic yielding is marked by the onset of large strains, high AE rates, and significant grain failure. Stress cycling experiments show that measurable inelastic strain occurs at all stages of hydrostatic loading. The reload portions of stress cycles are characterized by a poro-elastic response and lower AE rates than during constant rate hydrostatic stressing. As the stress nears and exceeds the level that was applied during previous loading cycles, strain and AE rates increase in a manner consistent with yielding. Triaxial stressing cycles achieve greater consolidation and AE rates than hydrostatic loading at similar mean stress levels. By comparing our results with previously published studies, we construct a three-component model to describe elastic and inelastic compaction of granular sand. This model involves acoustically silent grain rearrangement that contributes significant inelastic strain at low pressures, poro-elastic (Hertzian) deformation at all pressures, and inelastic strain related to granular cracking and particle failure which increases in significance at greater pressures. 相似文献