华北地台东部石炭系—二叠系优质煤储层形成分布控制因素   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

金振奎  苏妮娜  王春生 《地质学报》2008,82(10):1323-1329

优质煤储层在此指厚度大、分布广、储集物性好的煤层。沉积相对优质煤储层的形成和分布有重要控制作用。通过浅海和泻湖淤积填平发育起来的潮坪环境和三角洲环境是最有利的优质煤储层形成环境,煤储层厚度大、分布广。沉积环境对煤储层中的灰分含量和镜质组含量有重要影响,而灰分含量和镜质组含量又直接影响煤储层的储集物性。灰分充填了煤储层中的孔隙,其含量越高,储集物性越差;镜质组有利于割理的形成,其含量越高,储集物性越好。由于在灰分含量、煤岩显微组分等方面的差异,潮坪环境沉积的煤储层的储集物性优于三角洲的煤储层,下三角洲平原沉积的煤储层优于上三角洲平原沉积的煤储层。海平面变化对优质煤储层的形成和分布也有重要控制作用。高位体系煤储层富集,单层厚度大,横向分布相当稳定,尤其是高位体系域晚期,是形成优质煤储层最有利的层位。而水进体系域煤储层稀少,单层厚度小,横向分布不稳定,不利于优质煤储层形成。  相似文献   

Space–time distribution of ancient and active alluvial karst subsidence: examples from the central Ebro Basin,Spain     

J. L. Simón  M. A. Soriano  L. E. Arlegui  J. Gracia  C. L. Liesa  A. Pocoví 《Environmental Geology》2008,53(5):1057-1065

Space and time variations of alluvial karst subsidence in the central Ebro Basin are analysed in trenches (paleodolines), aerial photographs (historical dolines) and field surveys (present-day active dolines). The measured subsidence rates, as well as a comparison between densities of paleodolines computed in randomly selected scan-lines and density of active dolines computed in maps, suggest that present-day subsidence in favourable areas is more intense than that of Pleistocene times. According to diachronic maps drawn from (a) different aerial photographs taken after 1946 and (b) field surveys on deformations in urbanized areas, subsidence behaved as a nearly steady process while the whole area was used for agriculture. In contrast, rapid changes (through periods of several tens of years) have occurred in urbanized areas, in which dolines expand their boundaries through small marginal collapses, shifting sharply their sinking centres to neighbouring sites. These rapid changes do not have an equivalent in observed paleodolines.  相似文献   

Glacier change and glacier runoff variation in the Tuotuo River basin,the source region of Yangtze River in western China   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Yong Zhang  Shiyin Liu  Junli Xu  Donghui Shangguan 《Environmental Geology》2008,56(1):59-68

Glaciers in the Tuotuo River basin, western China, have been monitored in recent decades by applying topographical maps and high-resolution satellite images. Results indicate that most of glaciers in the Tuotuo River basin have retreated in the period from 1968/1971 to 2001/2002, and their shrinkage area is 3.2% of the total area in the late 1960s. To assess the influence of glacier runoff on river runoff, a modified degree–day model including potential clear-sky direct solar radiation has been applied to the glaciated regions of the river basin over the period 1961–2004. It was found that glacier runoff has increased in the last 44 years, especially in the 1990s when a two-thirds increase in river runoff was derived from the increase in glacier runoff caused by loss of ice mass in the entire Tuotuo River basin.  相似文献   

Sedimentary petrology and geochemistry of siliciclastic rocks from the upper Jurassic Tordillo Formation (Neuquén Basin, western Argentina): Implications for provenance and tectonic setting     

Luis A. Spalletti  Ignasi Queralt  Sergio D. Matheos  Ferrn Colombo  Jorge Maggi 《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》2008,25(4):440-463

The Upper Jurassic Tordillo Formation is exposed along the western edge of the Neuquén Basin (west central Argentina) and consists of fluvial strata deposited under arid/semiarid conditions. The pebble composition of conglomerates, mineralogical composition of sandstones and pelitic rocks, and major- and trace-element geochemistry of sandstones, mudstones, and primary pyroclastic deposits are evaluated to determine the provenance and tectonic setting of the sedimentary basin. Conglomerates and sandstones derived almost exclusively from volcanic sources. The stratigraphic sections to the south show a clast population of conglomerates dominated by silicic volcanic fragments and a predominance of feldspathic litharenites. This framework composition records erosion of Triassic–Jurassic synrift volcaniclastic rocks and basement rocks from the Huincul arch, which was exhumed as a result of Late Jurassic inversion. In the northwestern part of the study area, conglomerates show a large proportion of mafic and acidic volcanic rock fragments, and sandstones are characterised by a high content of mafic volcanic rock fragments and plagioclase. These data suggest that the source of the sandstones and conglomerates was primarily the Andean magmatic arc, located west of the Neuquén Basin. The clay mineral assemblage is interpreted as the result of a complex set of factors, including source rock, climate, transport, and diagenesis. Postdepositional processes produced significant variations in the original compositions, especially the fine-grained deposits. The Tordillo sediments are characterised by moderate SiO₂ contents, variable abundances of K₂O and Na₂O, and a relatively high proportion of ferromagnesian elements. The degree of chemical weathering in the source area, expressed as the chemical index of alteration, is low to moderate. The major element geochemistry and Th/Sc, K/Rb, Co/Th, La/Sc, and Cr/Th values point to a significant input of detrital volcanic material of calcalkaline felsic and intermediate composition. However, major element geochemistry is not useful for interpreting the tectonic setting. Discrimination plots based on immobile trace elements, such as Ti, Zr, La, Sc, and Th, show that most data lie in the active continental margin field. Geochemical information is not sufficiently sensitive to differentiate the two different source areas recognized by petrographic and modal analyses of conglomerates and sandstones.  相似文献   

Soil erosion susceptibility assessment and validation using a geostatistical multivariate approach: a test in Southern Sicily   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Christian Conoscenti  Cipriano Di Maggio  Edoardo Rotigliano 《Natural Hazards》2008,46(3):287-305

A certain number of studies have been carried out in recent years that aim at developing and applying a model capable of assessing water erosion of soil. Some of these have tried to quantitatively evaluate the volumes of soil loss, while others have focused their efforts on the recognition of the areas most prone to water erosion processes. This article presents the results of a research whose objective was that of evaluating water erosion susceptibility in a Sicilian watershed: the Naro river basin. A geomorphological study was carried out to recognize the water erosion landforms and define a set of parameters expressing both the intensity of hydraulic forces and the resistance of rocks/soils. The landforms were mapped and classified according to the dominant process in landsurfaces affected by diffuse or linear water erosion. A GIS layer was obtained by combining six determining factors (bedrock lithology, land use, soil texture, plan curvature, stream power index and slope-length factor) in unique conditions units. A geostatistical multivariate approach was applied by analysing the relationships between the spatial distributions of the erosion landforms and the unique condition units. Particularly, the density of eroded area for each combination of determining factors has been calculated: such function corresponds, in fact, to the conditional probability of erosion landforms to develop, under the same geoenvironmental conditions. In light of the obtained results, a general geomorphologic model for water erosion in the Naro river basin can be depicted: cultivated areas in clayey slopes, having fine-medium soil texture, are the most prone to be eroded; linear or diffuse water erosion processes dominate where the topography is favourable to a convergent or divergent runoff, respectively. For each of the two erosion process types, a susceptibility map was produced and submitted to a validation procedure based on a spatial random partition strategy. Both the success of the validation procedure of the susceptibility models and the geomorphological coherence of the relationships between factors and process that such models suggest, confirm the reliability of the method and the goodness of the predictions.  相似文献   

泸州古隆起对贵州赤水地区早、中三叠世沉积环境和相带展布的控制   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

张廷山  陈晓慧  姜照勇  胡东风  谢刚平  黄世伟  兰光志 《沉积学报》2008,26(4):583-592

地质历史中,区域大地构造和区域古地貌单元的不同特征是控制沉积相带展布及发育的主要因素之一。东吴运动形成的泸州古隆起是影响本区沉积相带展布的重要因素。早、中三叠世时,泸州古隆起的高部位向南延伸到太和场以南,宝元以北一带。宝元、龙爪等构造处于泸州古隆起东南部斜坡上,而宝元构造处于古隆起东南部斜坡上部,龙爪构造处于古隆起东南部斜坡中部。此古地貌格局,与区域海平面升降一起,控制了早三叠世沉积相带展布和地层厚度。在古地貌高的隆起区域,由于水体开阔、水动力条件相对较强,沉积了有利于形成储集体的滩相沉积物（生屑滩、砂屑滩、鲕粒滩等）。从泸州古隆起的高部位向古隆起的斜坡区,地层厚度逐渐增大,沉积物向粒度变细、颜色加深的特征相变。  相似文献   

墨西哥湾GC238区冷泉碳酸盐岩的微结构与石化微生物特征     

杜江峰  刘招君  张雷  张健  任玉学  贺君玲  王建东 《沉积学报》2008,26(1):61-69

采于墨西哥湾GC238海底天然气渗漏区浅表层的冷泉碳酸盐岩呈结核状产出,由方解石微晶和胶结物及少量的黄铁矿构成。胶结物由直径为0.1～0.5 m的方解石化的球体、卵形体、棒状体组成,充填于方解石晶体之间。冷泉碳酸盐岩结核下表面发育有由方解石化的球体、卵形体、棒状体组成的薄层,其中的一些球状集合体（约5 m）断面显示发育有核和外壳的层圈结构。黄铁矿呈草莓状,也具有相似的层圈结构。这种层状结构与活体古细菌被硫酸盐还原细菌包裹的层圈结构相似。样品中所保存的球体、卵形体、棒状体及其所组成的层圈结构可能是石化的甲烷氧化古细菌和硫酸盐还原细菌。  相似文献   

新疆北部库尔提蛇绿岩中角闪片岩的原岩恢复及其成因   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

马林  张海祥  张伯友  牛贺才 《岩石学报》2008,24(4)

库尔提角闪片岩产于库尔提蛇绿岩南部岩片中,与斜长花岗岩呈互层产出。这套角闪片岩的不相容微量元素组分显示了大洋中脊和岛弧玄武岩的双重特征,主要表现为大离子亲石元素(LILE)富集,高场强元素(HFSE)亏损以及平坦到亏损的轻稀土(LREE)配分模式。原岩恢复的结果表明,该角闪片岩的原岩为亚碱性的拉斑玄武岩类。库尔提角闪片岩亏损的LREE、高ε_(Nd)(t),以及关键元素比值(Th/Nb,La/Yb和Th/Yb)呈正相关都表明,其源区可能以MORB地幔为主,同时还伴有少量弧组分。因此,我们认为其形成于弧后盆地环境,同时推断该区弧后盆地存在一个二阶段的熔融演化模式:第一阶段,大约在晚古生代早期,古亚洲洋向西伯利亚板块发生北向俯冲,在会聚板块边界,弧火山岩被从含水的地幔楔中提取出来,留下一个亏损地幔;第二阶段,随着古亚洲洋板块持续消减,在中-晚泥盆世形成了库尔提弧后盆地,下部的亏损地幔发生了小比例的部分熔融形成了这套角闪片岩的原岩。  相似文献   

准噶尔盆地周缘山脉抬升-剥露过程的FT证据   总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3  

李丽  陈正乐  祁万修  王世新  陈宣华  吴益平  宫红良  魏新昌  杨屹  李学智 《岩石学报》2008,24(5)

本文主要通过磷灰石裂变径迹测年结果结合温度.时间热模拟反演的研究,探讨准噶尔盆地周缘造山带的抬升.剥露作用过程及其差异性特征.研究结果表明,准噶尔周缘造山带自晚三叠世至新近纪至少经历三次大的抬升-剥露事件,结合样品位置分析,推测准噶尔盆地周缘造山带的抬升-剥露作用具有明显不均一特征.始于晚三叠-早侏罗世的山脉抬升作用范围有限,仅局限于准噶尔东北缘;但是,发生在中-晚白垩世(～115～95Ma)的这期构造抬升作用在盆地周缘的所有山系都有记录;古近纪早期(～60～50Ma)在准噶尔盆地北缘有一期隆升事件,但该事件也仅仅局限于盆地北缘;新近纪～25Ma以来发生在巴里坤(博格达山)的局部抬升冷却事件,仅仅局限于天山北缘,而此时准噶尔盆地的东西两侧山脉可能相对稳定.推测该期抬升事件应是印-亚碰撞的远程效应在天山地区的构造表现.  相似文献   

北疆阿尔泰南缘泥盆系浅变质碎屑沉积岩地球化学特征及其形成环境   总被引：12，自引：4，他引：8  

龙晓平  袁超  孙敏  肖文交  林寿发  王毓婧  蔡克大 《岩石学报》2008,24(4)

对于北疆阿尔泰地区泥盆纪所处的大地构造环境,目前仍旧存在不同观点。前人基于阿尔泰南缘泥盆纪火山岩地球化学研究,分别提出了活动大陆边缘和被动大陆边缘裂谷等不同构造观点。阿尔泰造山带南缘的泥盆纪浅变质碎屑沉积岩地球化学研究表明,该套浅变质碎屑沉积岩原岩主要为泥质或砂质沉积岩。尽管不同岩性样品主量元素含量不同,但其化学蚀变指数(CIA)小于75,成分变异指数(ICV)接近或小于1.0,斜长石蚀变指数(PIA)平均70,说明其源区物质比较新鲜,成熟度相对较低,化学风化作用较弱。同样,不同岩性样品微量元素含量差别较大,但表生过程中不活泼的微量元素比值却比较一致,轻稀土(LREE)中度富集(La_N/Yb_N=2.88～9.90),重稀土(HREE)比较平坦,并伴有明显的Eu负异常(Eu/Eu~*= 0.45～0.89)。绝大多数样品具有高的La/Sc(1～3)、La/Y(0.5～1)和Ti/Zr(10～35),以及较低的Sc/Cr(0.1～0.3)比值,类似于大陆岛弧相关环境碎屑沉积物。在La-Th-Sc和Th-Sc-Zr/10构造环境判别图解中,除一千枚岩样品外,其他所有样品均落入大陆岛弧区。以上地球化学特征明显不同于大洋岛弧和被动陆缘沉积物,说明该套浅变质碎屑沉积岩可能沉积于活动大陆边缘的大陆岛弧相关环境,为认识阿尔泰造山带泥盆纪岛弧增生构造演化过程提供了一个重要证据。  相似文献