Diurnal cycle of precipitation over the Maritime Continent simulated by a spectral cumulus parameterization     

《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》2020

The validity of a spectral cumulus parameterization (spectral scheme) for simulating a diurnal cycle of precipitation over the Maritime Continent (MC) was examined using a regional atmospheric model. The impacts of entrainment parameterization and each type of convective closure, i.e., non-equilibrium (or equilibrium) closure for deep convection, mid-level, and shallow convective closures, were also examined. When vertically variable entrainment and appropriate convective closures were employed, the model adequately simulated a diurnal cycle of precipitation over both land and ocean as compared to the observation. Analysis regarding the entrainment parameterization revealed that variable entrainment parameterization was needed not only for simulating better mean patterns of precipitation, but also for more realistic phases of diurnal cycles. The impacts of convective closures appeared in the differences in the precipitation amplitude. Analysis on diurnal cycles of convective properties and tendencies revealed that the cycles between boundary layer forcing and convective heating determined convection strength and were affected by each type of convective closure. It can be concluded that the spectral scheme with appropriate convective closures is able to simulate a realistic diurnal cycle over the MC.  相似文献   

The significance of magmatic erosion for bifurcation of UG1 chromitite layers in the Bushveld Complex     

《Ore Geology Reviews》2017

One of the most puzzling features of the UG1 chromitite layers in the famous exposures at Dwars River, Eastern Bushveld Complex, is the bifurcation, i.e. convergence and divergence of layers along strike that isolate lenses of anorthosite. The bifurcations have been variously interpreted as resulting from: (1) the intermittent accumulation of plagioclase on the chamber floor as lenses, terminated by crystallization of continuous chromitite layers (the depositional model); (2) late-stage injections of chromite mush or chromite-saturated melt along anastomosing fractures that dismembered semi-consolidated plagioclase cumulates (the intrusive model); (3) post-depositional deformation of alternating plagioclase and chromite cumulates, resulting in local amalgamation of chromitite layers and anorthosite lenses that wedge out laterally (the deformational model). None of these hypotheses account satisfactorily for the following field observations: (a) wavy and scalloped contacts between anorthosite and chromitite layers; (b) abrupt lateral terminations of thin anorthosite layers within chromitite; (c) in situ anorthosite inclusions with highly irregular contacts and delicate wispy tails within chromitite; many of these inclusions are contiguous with footwall and hanging wall cumulates; (d) transported anorthosite fragments enclosed by chromitite; (e) disrupted anorthosite and chromitite layers overlain by planar chromitite; (f) protrusions of chromitite into underlying anorthosite; (g) merging of chromitite layers around anorthosite domes. We propose a novel hypothesis that envisages basal flows of new dense and superheated magma that resulted in intense thermo-chemical erosion of the temporary floor of the chamber. The melting and dissolution of anorthosite was patchy and commonly inhibited by chromitite layers, resulting in lens-like remnants of anorthosite resting on continuous layers of chromitite. On cooling, the magma crystallized chromite on the irregular chamber floor, draping the remnants of anorthosite and merging with pre-existing chromitite layers excavated by erosion. With further cooling, the magma crystallized chromite-bearing anorthosite. Emplacement of multiple pulses of magma led to repetition of this sequence of events, resulting in a complex package of anorthosite lenses and bifurcating chromitite layers. This hypothesis is the most satisfactory explanation for most of the features of this enigmatic igneous layering in the Bushveld Complex.  相似文献   

多普勒雷达径向速度资料在对流天气预报中的应用   总被引：11，自引：7，他引：4  

王丽荣  胡志群  汤达章  赵瑞金  匡顺四 《气象科学》2007,27(6):695-701

本文探讨了降水前多普勒天气雷达径向速度资料在对流性天气预报中的应用方法:图像定性分析法及EVAD技术定量分析法。并以2004年5日15时出现在石家庄的对流天气为例,详细介绍了利用这两种方法预报对流天气的步骤。通过对2004年10个对流性天气过程及其对应的径向速度资料的仔细分析,总结出几个定量的利用径向速度资料预报对流天气的指标,对流出现之前:(1)摩擦层开始出现辐合现象,辐合超前对流出现时间平均为8.2 h;(2)1.5°仰角径向速度图像上25 km范围内均出现了距离折叠现象;(3)25 km以内的低层50%出现了E或NE风,其他50%为S到SE风。另外,反查2004年5—6月径向速度资料发现:低层辐合和距离折叠均出现的日期,当天出现对流性降水的几率为77.3%。这些指标对预测预报石家庄地区对流性天气发生发展有一定指示作用,对其它地区也有一定的推广价值。  相似文献