Age of the Rockland tephra, western USA     

M.A Lanphere  D.E Champion  M.A Clynne  J.B Lowenstern  A.M Sarna-Wojcicki  J.L Wooden 《Quaternary Research》2004,62(1):94-104

The age of the Rockland tephra, which includes an ash-flow tuff south and west of Lassen Peak in northern California and a widespread ash-fall deposit that produced a distinct stratigraphic marker in western North America, is constrained to 565,000 to 610,000 yr by ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar and U-Pb dating. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages on plagioclase from pumice in the Rockland have a weighted mean age of 609,000 ± 7000 yr. Isotopic ages of spots on individual zircon crystals, analyzed by the SHRIMP-RG ion microprobe, range from ∼500,000 to ∼800,000 yr; a subpopulation representing crystal rims yielded a weighted-mean age of 573,000 ± 19,000 yr. Overall stratigraphic constraints on the age are provided by two volcanic units, including the underlying tephra of the Lava Creek Tuff erupted within Yellowstone National Park that has an age of 639,000 ± 2000 yr. The basaltic andesite of Hootman Ranch stratigraphically overlies the Rockland in the Lassen Peak area and has ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages of 565,000 ± 29,000 and 565,000 ± 12,000 yr for plagioclase and groundmass, respectively. Identification of Rockland tephra in ODP core 1018 offshore of central California is an important stratigraphic age that also constrains the eruption age to between 580,000 and 600,000 yr.  相似文献   

1,000-year record of landslide dams at Halden Creek, northeastern British Columbia     

Marten Geertsema  John J. Clague 《Landslides》2006,3(3):217-227

Large, rapid, low-gradient landslides are common in clay-rich glacial sediments in northeastern British Columbia. Many of the landslides create upstream impoundments that may persist for years in small watersheds in the region. We have documented such events in the Halden Creek watershed, 60 km southeast of Fort Nelson. The events are recorded geologically in two ways. First, trees are drowned in lakes dammed by the landslides and subsequently buried by deltaic sediments, where they are protected from decay. Bank erosion later exhumes the drowned trees. Second, landslide deposits with entrained wood are exposed along stream banks. We have reconstructed the recent history of landslide damming at Halden Creek by performing radiocarbon dating on exhumed trees and wood in and beneath landslide deposits at 13 sites in the watershed. Drowned trees range in age from 169±59 to 274±49 ¹⁴C year bp. Wood in and below landslide deposits yielded radiocarbon ages ranging from modern to 965±49 ¹⁴C year bp.  相似文献   

Influence of streambed hydraulic conductivity on solute exchange with the hyporheic zone     

Robert J. Ryan  Michel C. Boufadel 《Environmental Geology》2006,51(2):203-210

A conservative solute tracer experiment was conducted in Indian Creek, a small urban stream in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to investigate the role of subsurface properties on the exchange between streamwater and the hyporheic zone (subsurface surrounding the stream). Sodium Bromide (NaBr) was used as a conservative tracer, and it was monitored in the surface water at two stations and in the upper bed sediments (shallow hyporheic zone extending from 7.5 to 10 cm below the streambed). The hydraulic conductivity (K) of the upper bed sediments and the lower bed sediments (10–12.5 cm below the streambed) was measured in situ. High tracer concentrations were observed in the upper layer at locations where the hydraulic conductivity of the upper layer was larger than that of the lower layer. Low concentrations in the upper layer were observed in the converse case. A statistically significant relationship between the mass retained in the upper layer and the difference of K values between layers was observed.  相似文献   

30-year response to damming of a Mediterranean river in California,USA     

Fernando Magdaleno  Carlo Donadio  G. Mathias Kondolf 《自然地理学》2018,39(3):197-215

Dry Creek is a major tributary of the Russian River in Northern California (USA) that has experienced hydrologic and morphologic alterations after the closure of Warm Springs Dam in 1983. Our objective is to present a detailed diagnosis of the modification of the creek’s flow and sediment regimes, and interpret the alterations regarding the ecomorphologic evolution previously observed in the creek. Statistical analysis of the river’s flow and sediment series indicates that dam operation has had significant impacts on the magnitude and frequency of occurrence of the highest floods, and the magnitude, variability, and duration of low and very low flows. Similarly, sediment concentration and discharge have also experienced major alterations. Loss of habitat complexity for native flora and fauna (especially endangered salmonids), channel incision, and vegetation encroachment are some of the negative trends found for the creek over the last 30 years, since river regulation began. We discuss the present dynamics of the river and propose, on that basis, the improvement of its hydromorphic functioning as part of future large-scale restoration initiatives.  相似文献   

三峡水库不同类型支流河口泥沙淤积成因及趋势   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

朱玲玲  许全喜  鄢丽丽 《地理学报》2019,74(1):131-145

为揭示三峡水库库区不同类型支流河口泥沙淤积的内在机理和变化趋势,本文充分利用水文、泥沙、固定断面和河道地形等原型观测资料,从支流水沙输移规律和河口局部水沙分布特征出发,研究了不同类型支流河口段泥沙淤积规律及主要影响因素的作用机理,探讨其淤积趋势及形成拦门沙的风险。结果表明:三峡水库蓄水后,库区不同类型支流河口普遍淤积,淤积范围及河道形态的变化各有特点;水库蓄水造成水动力条件减弱是河口泥沙淤积的根本原因,淤积幅度和范围主要取决于干支流来沙量和局部河势。在干支流来沙均明显减少的情况下,三峡水库库区支流河口泥沙淤积速度显著下降,形成拦门沙坎的可能性较小。  相似文献   

Floodplain sedimentation rates in an alpine watershed determined by radionuclide techniques     

Frederick M. Soster  Gerald Matisoff  Peter J. Whiting  William Fornes  Michael Ketterer  Scott Szechenyi 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2007,32(13):2038-2051

Vertical profiles of the activities of ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb were measured on floodplain sediment cores and upland soil cores along the Soda Butte Creek and the Yellowstone River to determine floodplain sedimentation rates. The position of mine tailings from a 1950 impoundment failure was used as a stratigraphic marker to estimate the sedimentation rates and to make comparisons with rates provided by radionuclide‐based methods. Mass accumulation (sedimentation) rates calculated from the position of the mine tailings ranged from 0·00 to 0·17 g cm^?2 yr^?1 and were in good agreement with sedimentation rates calculated from the inventories of ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb. Sedimentation rates calculated from the position of the ¹³⁷Cs peak generally overestimated the sedimentation rates, probably because of increased downward migration of ¹³⁷Cs caused by the low pH of water moving through the mine tailings or the high permeability of floodplain sediments relative to upland reference soils. This study demonstrates that the ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb inventory methods for determining sedimentation rates can be applied to an alpine floodplain where sedimentation events are episodic and where orographic effects on precipitation generate strong downstream gradients in the delivery of atmospheric radionuclides. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Robust 24 ± 6 ka Ar/Ar age of a low-potassium tholeiitic basalt in the Lassen region of NE California     

Brent D. Turrin  Michael A. Clynne 《Quaternary Research》2007,68(1):96-110

⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages on the Hat Creek Basalt (HCB) and stratigraphically related lava flows show that latest Pleistocene tholeiitic basalt with very low K₂O can be dated reliably. The HCB underlies ∼ 15 ka glacial gravel and overlies four andesite and basaltic andesite lava flows that yield ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages of 38 ± 7 ka (Cinder Butte; 1.65% K₂O), 46 ± 7 ka (Sugarloaf Peak; 1.85% K₂O), 67 ± 4 ka (Little Potato Butte; 1.42% K₂O) and 77 ± 11 ka (Potato Butte; 1.62% K₂O). Given these firm age brackets, we then dated the HCB directly. One sample (0.19% K₂O) clearly failed the criteria for plateau-age interpretation, but the inverse isochron age of 26 ± 6 ka is seductively appealing. A second sample (0.17% K₂O) yielded concordant plateau, integrated (total fusion), and inverse isochron ages of 26 ± 18, 30 ± 20 and 24 ± 6 ka, all within the time bracket determined by stratigraphic relations; the inverse isochron age of 24 ± 6 ka is preferred. As with all isotopically determined ages, confidence in the results is significantly enhanced when additional constraints imposed by other isotopic ages within a stratigraphic context are taken into account.  相似文献   

Seasonality of diel cycles of dissolved trace-metal concentrations in a Rocky Mountain stream   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

David A. Nimick  Thomas E. Cleasby  R. Blaine McCleskey 《Environmental Geology》2005,47(5):603-614

Substantial diel (24-h) cycles in dissolved (0.1-m filtration) metal concentrations were observed during summer low flow, winter low flow, and snowmelt runoff in Prickly Pear Creek, Montana. During seven diel sampling episodes lasting 34–61.5 h, dissolved Mn and Zn concentrations increased from afternoon minimum values to maximum values shortly after sunrise. Dissolved As concentrations exhibited the inverse timing. The magnitude of diel concentration increases varied in the range 17–152% for Mn and 70–500% for Zn. Diel increases of As concentrations (17–55%) were less variable. The timing of minimum and maximum values of diel streamflow cycles was inconsistent among sampling episodes and had little relation to the timing of metal concentration cycles, suggesting that geochemical rather than hydrological processes are the primary control of diel metal cycles. Diel cycles of dissolved metal concentrations should be assumed to occur at any time of year in any stream with dissolved metals and neutral to alkaline pH.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article if you access the article at . A link in the frame on the left on that page takes you directly to the supplementary material.  相似文献   

Fifty-eight years and counting of watershed science at the Caspar Creek Experimental Watersheds in northern California     

Paul W. Richardson  Jayme E. Seehafer  Elizabeth T. Keppeler  Diane G. Sutherland  Joseph W. Wagenbrenner  Kevin D. Bladon  Salli F. Dymond  Ryan P. Cole 《水文研究》2021,35(6):e14207

The Caspar Creek Experimental Watersheds are the site of a long-term paired watershed study in the northern Coast Ranges of California. The watersheds are predominately forested with coast redwood and Douglas-fir. Old-growth forest was logged between 1860 and 1904. Two harvesting experiments have been completed since then and a third experiment is currently underway. Caspar Creek data are split into three phases corresponding to three experiments: Phase 1 (1962–1985) reports on a selection harvest (1971–1973) and initial recovery in the South Fork watershed; Phase 2 (1985–2017) includes clearcut harvesting of ~50% of the North Fork watershed (1985–1992) and recovery; and Phase 3 (2017 onward) corresponds to a second selection harvest in the South Fork watershed with a range of subwatershed harvest intensities (2017–2019) and recovery. All three experiments included harvest-related road-building and relied primarily on measurements of streamflow and sediment delivery from both treated and reference watersheds. Major findings include modest increases in post-harvest peak flows and cumulative flow volumes, post-harvest low flows that initially increased and then decreased 12 to 15 years after harvesting, and the consequences of different yarding techniques and road design on sediment yields. Some of the data for Phase 1 and Phase 2 are available in a USDA Forest Service online archive. The archived data include precipitation, streamflow, suspended sediment concentrations, turbidity, accumulated weir pond sediment volumes, bedload transport rates, water stable isotope data, and geospatial data. Archiving activities are ongoing. Phase 3 data are currently being collected and will be archived after a post-harvest monitoring period.  相似文献   

A simple index explains annual atrazine transport from surface runoff‐prone watersheds in the north‐central USA          下载免费PDF全文

E. J. Sadler  K. A. Sudduth  R. N. Lerch  C. Baffaut  N. R. Kitchen 《水文研究》2014,28(2):210-217

Year‐to‐year dynamics in weather affect both the timing of application and the potential hydrologic transport of pesticides. Further, the most commonly used pesticides dissipate in the environment during the growing season. Interactions among these factors – hydrology, timing of application and dissipation kinetics – hinder the detection of temporal trends in transport. It is increasingly important to be able to discern such trends, to judge effectiveness of management practices or to determine whether observed changes were caused by management or weather. In previous work, a cumulative vulnerability index was developed to account for these three factors. It explained 63% of annual variation in atrazine load in the Goodwater Creek Experimental Watershed (GCEW). The objectives of the current work were (i) to generalize the cumulative vulnerability index to explicitly account for variation in watershed size, area treated with atrazine and average application rate; (ii) to test the overall performance on watersheds showing such variation; and (3) to test whether the generalized index properly accounted for the additional input parameters. The generalized index was tested using data from GCEW (73.7 km²) and seven additional watersheds in the northeast Missouri claypan region that varied in size from 212 to 1180 km² and from 4% to 23% of watershed area planted to corn or sorghum. Across 32 site‐years, the generalized index explained 84% of variation in annual atrazine load. Further, tests of residuals showed no dependence on either watershed area or fraction of area planted to corn and sorghum, indicating that these parameters were properly integrated into the index. The performance of the index supports the conclusion that data obtained from GCEW is representative of the Mark Twain Lake Basin and likely the entire Central Claypan Major Land Resource Area. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.  相似文献