基于SRTM-DEM的阿尔泰山构造地貌特征分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

洪顺英  申旭辉  荆凤  杜则澄 《国土资源遥感》2007,18(3):62-66

基于美国SRTM-DEM数据，利用彩色晕染、密度分割与GIS空间统计分析等技术，并结合地质资料，通过地形高程、地表坡度 及地形剖面等分析手段，对阿尔泰山的构造地貌特征进行初步分析。研究表明，阿尔泰山脉平均海拔约1 790 m，平均坡度约21° ，其高海拔与高坡度的现代地貌特征，主要与强烈的断裂构造活动有关； 山脉严格受到以北西向为主的断裂构造活动的影响与控 制，其发育的构造地貌单元基本上呈北西走向特征； 山脉阶梯状地貌特征明显，共发育5级剥夷面，不同级剥夷面所处的海拔不一 样，同级剥夷面具有东北侧高于西南侧，山脉东、中段高于西段的特点。  相似文献   

Runoff and erosion processes and rates in the Zin valley badlands,northern Negev,Israel     

A. Yair  H. Lavee  R. B. Bryan  E. Adar 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1980,5(3):205-225

Badland areas are usually regarded as impermeable zones which generate high runoff and are very vulnerable to sheetwash and rainsplash. To test those considerations sprinkling experiments using two rainfall simulators were carried out on slopes of varying aspect in the northern Negev (Israel). For one unit 1·5 m² plots were used with rainfall of natural characteristics at 36 mm/hr intensity and 43–48 minute duration, runoff being recorded and water/sediment samples taken every 5 minutes. The second unit was used on 30–50 m² plots but rainfall energy production was below that of natural rainfall. Results show that due to the high stability and strong flocculation of clay-rich aggregates rainsplash is ineffective in surface sealing so that infiltration capacities remain high despite intense, prolonged rainfall. Aspect differences are reflected in variation of surface properties despite homogenous bed-rock, which cause marked differences in hydrological response. North-facing slopes respond more quickly, more frequently and produce more runoff than south-facing slopes. Non-uniform runoff generation is also seen within plots of one aspect reflecting subtle variations in surface properties. Comparison of rainfall intensity and duration used during the experiments with those prevailing under natural conditions shows that under present day conditions surface flow in the Zin valley badlands must be extremely infrequent and denudation rates very low.  相似文献   

山区公路滑坡灾害问题及对策分析--以云南元(江)磨(黑)高速公路为例   总被引：8，自引：4，他引：4  

苏生瑞  孙芳强  吴华金  刘汝民  刘红卫 《工程地质学报》2005,13(3):340-345

随着西部公路建设的蓬勃发展,越来越多的高等级公路必须穿越山区丘陵地带,这样必然导致大量的公路滑坡的出现,危及公路的正常运行及安全。本文以云南元(江)磨(黑)高速公路为例,在分析公路沿线自然环境条件及地质构造条件等的基础上,研究公路沿线的地质灾害的特点及危害,重点研究公路沿线所发育的滑坡的分布特征、危害、形成机制及整治对策和措施。研究表明,山区公路滑坡不仅与滑坡发育的工程地质条件有关,而且与工程设计方案及公路建设过程施工方案等人为因素有关。  相似文献   

喜马拉雅中东部镜像均衡重力异常的形成研究          下载免费PDF全文

刘海超  季建清  钟大赉 《地质科学》2013,(3):693-706

青藏高原南缘处于重力不均衡状态,由北向南可依次分为高原近重力均衡区、喜马拉雅山正均衡异常区和山前盆地负均衡异常区,正、负异常呈现壮观的镜像分布。本文选取喜马拉雅中东部的均衡重力异常数据,结合地貌高程、地壳厚度、降雨量、冰川及山前沉积等的分布状况,探讨地貌分异与均衡重力异常分布的相互关系。由上述资料获得3条跨越喜马拉雅山的综合剖面,结果显示喜马拉雅中东部正均衡重力异常的分布与冰川、河流等代表的地表剥蚀作用存在明显的空间耦合关系,而与降雨量无直接联系,山前盆地负均衡重力异常与沉积厚度的分布也存在很好的耦合。利用数值模型计算得到了喜马拉雅地区的均衡调整时间域在1 Ma左右的时间尺度内。通过与地貌响应时间域相对比,以及对地表剥蚀厚度的估计,认为山脉地区的正均衡异常主要由地壳厚度补偿不足引起(侧重Airy假说),而山前盆地的负均衡异常主要由低密度沉积层的分布引起(侧重Pratt假说),由于地貌响应时间快于均衡调整时间,在大约5～2 Ma以来,地壳的均衡调整始终延迟于山脉的持续剥蚀和山前的持续沉积,使得岩石圈朝着"反均衡"方向演变,最终形成了喜马拉雅现今壮观的镜像均衡重力异常分布。  相似文献   

北山泥盆纪碰撞造山火山－磨拉石地质构造及地球化学特征   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  

左国朝  刘春燕  白万成  冯永忠 《甘肃地质》1995,(1)

本区早泥盆世旱山微大陆与塔里木板块的北山地体间发生对接，原洋区变为残留滨浅海区。中泥盆世该区形成中央断块山，相应南带的断陷山间洼地内形成陆相磨拉石堆积，北带与南蒙古洋毗邻，形成陆缘滨浅海火山－磨拉石沉积。经计算，中带造山隆起侵蚀速率为０．１５４ｍｍ／ａ。晚泥盆世火山岩显示弱碱性和深熔岩浆喷溢特点，表明陆壳演化尚未达到完全稳定的阶段。  相似文献   

宁镇中段矿化斑岩体的侵位深度及剥蚀程度研究          下载免费PDF全文

杨悸熒  刘理湘 《江苏地质》2013,37(1):41-48

判别岩体侵位深度对找矿富有指导意义,查明岩体剥蚀程度是评价斑岩铜矿找矿前景的重要因素之一。运用岩体"盖层"厚度恢复法、成岩温度与压力计算法、蚀变矿化分带判别法、岩体的顶垂体、捕虏体、析离体及岩脉发育状况判别法,以及岩石的结构、构造和矿物结构形态判别法,综合研究了宁镇中段主要斑岩体的侵位深度和剥蚀程度,结果表明宁镇中段侵入体总体上具有由西向东、由南向北剥蚀程度逐渐加深的特点。  相似文献   

Long-term landscape evolution in Australia     

Stephen J. Gale 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1992,17(4):323-343

The main features of the Australian physical landscape are of the order of 10⁷-10⁸ years old. This contradicts the widely held view that little of the Earth's topography predates the Quaternary and that erosion cycles are carried to planation within tens of millions of years. Much of the Australian landscape must have developed over similar timescales to that of the tectonic evolution of the continent itself. The study of the geomorphology of such ancient terrains may therefore be seriously deficient unless it is considered within the context of continental-scale tectonic development. Application of this approach shows that there are strong links between the geomorphology of Australia and plate movements, ocean spreading, plate convergence, tectonostratigraphic terranes, orogenesis and epeirogenesis. The most important factor contributing to the survival of ancient landscapes in Australia is the low rate of denudation which the continent has experienced during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. This is largely a consequence of orogenic stability, although the absence of significant Quaternary glaciation may also be of importance. However, in order for landforms to have survived over such timespans, denudation must not only have been low, but must also have been highly localized over space and time. This has been the case both on a regional scale, with long-term denudation rates of 0-2 m Ma^?1 in central Australia contrasting with higher rates along the continental margins, and on a local scale, with denudation confined to valleys, leaving divides and interfluves almost unscathed.  相似文献   

Denudational isostatic rebound of intraplate highlands: The lachlan river valley,Australia     

Paul Bishop  Roderick Brown 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1992,17(4):345-360

A range of evidence from the Lachlan valley in the southeast Australian highlands is consistent with Neogene isostatic rebound in response to denudational unloading. This evidence is found along the inland edge of the highlands in the transition zone between the highlands proper and the Lachlan's inland alluviated valley and the intracratonic Murray Basin. The amounts and rates of uplift indicated by offsets of suballuvium bedrock profiles and the long profiles of Tertiary valley-filling basalts are consistent with modelling of denudational rebound using known rates of highland denudation and basinal sedimentation, and reasonable crustal properties. The modelling shows that weak to moderately strong strong lithosphere (effective elastic thickness, T_e = 1-25 km) and strong lithosphere (T_e = 100 km) are all consistent with the observed amounts of rebound. Strong lithosphere must be broken, however, to be consistent with the field data. Even in the Australian setting, which is characterized by very low rates of denudation, isostatic rebound in response to denudational unloading must be a significant factor in maintaining highland elevation and must be incorporated in models of long-term landscape evolution. It would be expected that denudational isostatic rebound would be an even more significant component of long-term landscape evolution in areas of higher denudation rates.  相似文献   

Denudation history of the Bocaina Plateau, Serra do Mar, southeastern Brazil: Relationships to Gondwana breakup and passive margin development   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Silvio T. Hiruma  Claudio Riccomini  May C. Modenesi-Gauttieri  Peter C. Hackspacher  Julio C. Hadler Neto  Ana O.B. Franco-Magalhes 《Gondwana Research》2010,18(4):674-687

The Bocaina Plateau, which is situated on the eastern flank of the continental rift of southeastern Brazil, is the highest part of the Serra do Mar. Topographic relief in this area is suggested to be closely related to its complex tectono-magmatic evolution since the breakup of Western Gondwana and opening of the South Atlantic Ocean. Apatite fission track ages and track length distributions from 27 basement outcrops were determined to assess these hypotheses and reconstruct the denudation history of the Bocaina Plateau. The ages range between 303 ± 32 and 46 ± 5 Ma, and are significantly younger than the stratigraphic ages. Mean track lengths vary from 13.44 ± 1.51 to 11.1 ± 1.48 μm, with standard deviations between 1.16 and 1.83 μm. Contrasting ages within a single plateau and similar ages at different altitudes indicate a complex regional tectonothermal evolution. The thermal histories inferred from these data imply three periods of accelerated cooling related to the Early Cretaceous continental breakup, Early Cretaceous alkaline magmatism, and the Paleogene evolution of the continental rift of southeastern Brazil. The oldest fission track ages (> 200 Ma) were obtained in the Serra do Mar region, suggesting that these areas were a long-lived source of sediments for the Paraná, Bauru, and Santos basins.  相似文献   

Uplift and denudation history at low-elevation passive margins: Insights from morphostratigraphic analysis in the SE Armorican Massif along the French Atlantic margin     

François Bétard 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2010,342(3):215-222

Like other low-elevation passive margins, the French Atlantic margin is characterized by a gradual topographic transition from the coast to low-altitude interior plains or plateaus. Here we propose a morphostratigraphic analysis to constrain long-term landscape evolution and denudation rates, through the characterization of palaeotopographies and related palaeoweatherings in an area restricted to the southeast Armorican Massif. Two regional-scale palaeosurfaces are recognized: (i) the Infraliassic palaeosurface, the truncated weathering profiles of which are sealed by Liassic marine deposits; (ii) the Eocene palaeosurface, underlain by thick kaolinite- and iron-rich palaeosaprolites and by siliceous duricrusts (silcretes). Quantitative constraints on large-scale tectonic uplift and long-term denudation are obtained from these morphostratigraphic markers. Mean uplift and denudation rates calculated on post-Eocene times range between 0.5 and 2 m.Ma^-1. These low values imply high landscape stability of the inland margin over most of the Cenozoic.  相似文献