Inversion of Scholte wave dispersion and waveform modeling for shallow structure of the Ninetyeast Ridge     

Xuan Nhi Nguyen  Torsten Dahm  Ingo Grevemeyer 《Journal of Seismology》2009,13(4):543-559

The construction of S-wave velocity models of marine sediments down to hundreds of meters below the seafloor is important in a number of disciplines. One of the most significant trends in marine geophysics is to use interface waves to estimate shallow shear velocities which play an important role in determining the shallow crustal structure. In marine settings, the waves trapped near the fluid–solid interface are called Scholte waves, and this is the subject of the study. In 1998, there were experiments on the Ninetyeast Ridge (Central Indian Ocean) to study the shallow seismic structure at the drilled site. The data were acquired by both ocean bottom seismometer and ocean bottom hydrophone. A new type of seafloor implosion sources has been used in this experiment, which successfully excited fast and high frequency (>500 Hz) body waves and slow, intermediate frequency (<20 Hz) Scholte waves. The fundamental and first higher mode Scholte waves have both been excited by the implosion source. Here, the Scholte waves are investigated with a full waveform modeling and a group velocity inversion approach. Shear wave velocities for the uppermost layers of the region are inferred and results from the different methods are compared. We find that the full waveform modeling is important to understand the intrinsic attenuation of the Scholte waves between 1 and 20 Hz. The modeling shows that the S-wave velocity varies from 195 to 350 m/s in the first 16 m of the uppermost layer. Depths levels of high S-wave impedance contrasts compare well to the layer depth derived from a P-wave analysis as well as from drilling data. As expected, the P- to S-wave velocity ratio is very high in the uppermost 16 m of the seafloor and the Poisson ratio is nearly 0.5. Depth levels of high S-wave impedance contrasts are comparable to the layer depth derived from drilling data.  相似文献   

Determination of dispersive phase velocities by complex seismic trace analysis of surface waves (CASW)     

S. Parolai 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2009

A method for deriving experimental dispersion curves of surface waves from active source recordings is presented. The method is based on the complex seismic trace analysis of surface waves (CASW) and is applicable when only two receivers are available.  相似文献   

Reactive transport in stratified flow fields with idealized heterogeneity     

James N. Carleton  Hubert J. Montas 《Advances in water resources》2009

A two-dimensional equation governing the steady state spatial concentration distribution of a reactive constituent within a heterogeneous advective–dispersive flow field is solved analytically. The solution which is developed for the case of a single point source can be generalized to represent analogous situations with any number of separate point sources. A limiting case of special interest has a line source of constant concentration spanning the domain’s upstream boundary. The work has relevance for improving understanding of reactive transport within various kinds of advection-dominated natural or engineered environments including rivers and streams, and bioreactors such as treatment wetlands. Simulations are used to examine quantitatively the impact that transverse dispersion (deviations from purely stochastic-convective flow) can have on mean concentration decline in the direction of flow. Results support the contention that transverse mixing serves to enhance the overall rate of reaction in such systems.  相似文献   

Characterization of mixing and spreading in a bounded stratified medium     

Vanessa Zavala-Sanchez  Marco DentzXavier Sanchez-Vila 《Advances in water resources》2009

Matheron and de Marsily [Matheron M, de Marsily G. Is the transport in porous media always diffusive? A counter-example. Water Resour Res 1980;16:901–17] studied transport in a perfectly stratified infinite medium as an idealized aquifer model. They observed superdiffusive solute spreading quantified by anomalous increase of the apparent longitudinal dispersion coefficient with the square root of time. Here, we investigate solute transport in a vertically bounded stratified random medium. Unlike for the infinite medium at asymptotically long times, disorder-induced mixing and spreading is uniquely quantified by a constant Taylor dispersion coefficient. Using a stochastic modeling approach we study the effective mixing and spreading dynamics at pre-asymptotic times in terms of effective average transport coefficients. The latter are defined on the basis of local moments, i.e., moments of the transport Green function. We investigate the impact of the position of the initial plume and the initial plume size on the (highly anomalous) pre-asymptotic effective spreading and mixing dynamics for single realizations and in average. Effectively, the system “remembers” its initial state, the effective transport coefficients show so-called memory effects, which disappear after the solute has sampled the full vertical extent of the medium. We study the impact of the intrinsic non-ergodicity of the confined medium on the validity of the stochastic modeling approach and study in this context the transition from the finite to the infinite medium.  相似文献   

Upscaling microbial chemotaxis in porous media     

Francisco J. Valds-Parada  Mark L. Porter  Karthik Narayanaswamy  Roseanne M. Ford  Brian D. Wood 《Advances in water resources》2009,32(9):1413-1428

Biodegradation is an important mechanism for contaminant reduction in groundwater environments; in fact, in situ bioremediation and bioaugmentation methods represent alternatives to traditional methods such as pump-and-treat. Microbial chemotaxis has been shown to significantly increase contaminant degradation in subsurface environments. In this work, the method of volume averaging is used to upscale the microscale chemotactic microbial transport equations in order to obtain the corresponding effective medium models for the mass balance of bacteria and the chemical attractant to which they respond. As a first approach, cellular growth/death and consumption of the attractant by chemical reaction are assumed to be negligible with respect to convective and diffusive transport mechanisms. For microorganisms, two effective coefficients are introduced, namely a total motility tensor and a total velocity vector. Our results show that, under certain conditions, these coefficients can differ considerably from the values corresponding to non-chemotactic transport. These transport coefficients show strong dependence of the microstructure of the porous medium, the fluid flow fields and the distribution of the attractant.  相似文献   

周期成层Patchy模型中纵波的频散和衰减研究   总被引：6，自引：4，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

刘炯  马坚伟  杨慧珠 《地球物理学报》2009,52(11):2879-2885

本文用孔隙介质力学的方法来研究纵波在介观周期成层Patchy模型的传播问题.相对于White方法,该方法少了不同介质分界面处的流体压力不等的假设,推导过程更为严密;和Dutta的双相方程解耦方法比较,文中方法直接求解双相方程,形式上更为直观.当纵波通过周期成层孔隙模型时,在低频段用孔隙弹性力学得到纵波频散和衰减结果与用White公式得到的结果符合得很好;周期成层的Patchy孔隙模型由于其空间排列的周期性使其成为孔隙弹性声子晶体,在其频散和衰减曲线上的高频段会出现多个禁带和通带,这使得速度不会随频率单调递增,衰减峰也不只一个.对于地震频段,随着渗透率降低模型的衰减峰向低频移动,这和实际观测结果一致,和传统Biot理论预测结果正相反;随着含气量上升纵波衰减峰值先上升后下降,其最大值出现在含气量0.1左右,这和相关实验结果一致.研究结果表明该模型可以定性解释观测到的地震衰减结果.  相似文献   

层状黏弹性介质中Rayleigh波频散曲线“交叉”现象分析   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

张凯  张保卫  刘建勋  徐明才 《地球物理学报》2016,59(3):972-980

Rayleigh波勘探方法在探测近地表横波速度、动力学特征等环境与工程地球物理领域获得了广泛应用.这种方法以弹性层状介质理论为基础,然而实际介质具有黏弹性,研究面波在层状黏弹性介质中的传播特征,将为近地表面波勘探提供有益帮助.在某些弹性层状介质模型中,例如存在低速夹层和强波阻抗差异地层模型,Rayleigh波相邻两条频散曲线彼此会非常靠近,产生看似彼此"交叉"的现象,即"osculation"现象,但对于黏弹性介质中的这种现象并没有进行相关的研究.本文利用Muller法计算层状黏弹性介质Rayleigh波频散方程,基于层状介质模型中Rayleigh波频散和衰减曲线连续的性质,结合本征位移曲线特征,分析二层黏弹性介质模型中Rayleigh波频散曲线"交叉"现象以及"交叉"点附近的波动特性.结果表明:与弹性介质相比,黏弹性介质中Rayleigh波的波动特性存在明显差异,随着介质对地震波的损耗越来越强,将导致Rayleigh波频散曲线发生"交叉"现象.  相似文献   

Spatial characterization of catchment dispersion mechanisms in an urban context     

《Advances in water resources》2014

Previous studies have examined in-depth the dispersion mechanisms in natural catchments. In contrast, these dispersion mechanisms have been studied little in urban catchments, where artificial transport elements and morphological arrangements are expected to modify travel times and mobilize excess rainfall from spatially distributed impervious sites. This has the ability to modify the variance of the catchment’s travel times and hence the total dispersion. This work quantifies the dispersion mechanisms in an urban catchment using the theory of transport by travel times as represented by the Urban Morpho-climatic Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (U-McIUH) model. The U-McIUH computes travel times based on kinematic wave theory and accounts explicitly for the path heterogeneities and altered connectivity patterns characteristic of an urban drainage network. The analysis is illustrated using the Aubinière urban catchment in France as a case study. We found that kinematic dispersion is dominant for small rainfall intensities, whereas geomorphologic dispersion becomes more dominant for larger intensities. The total dispersion scales with the drainage area in a power law fashion. The kinematic dispersion is dominant across spatial scales up to a threshold of approximately 2–3 km², after which the geomorphologic dispersion becomes more dominant. Overall, overland flow is responsible for most of the dispersion in the catchment, while conduits tend to counteract the increase of the geomorphologic dispersion with a negative kinematic dispersion. Further study with other catchments is needed to asses if the latter is a general feature of urban drainage networks.  相似文献   

极区中层尘埃等离子体中的尘埃声波研究          下载免费PDF全文

徐芳轲  石雁祥 《地球物理学报》2014,57(11):3558-3563

基于统计方法的自洽场理论,考虑了带电粒子与中性分子的碰撞以及对尘埃粒子的充电过程,建立了弱电离尘埃等离子体的纵波色散关系.分析了极区中层大气80~90 km高度范围内的尘埃声波的不稳定性.研究表明,极区中层大气中的尘埃声波有不稳定的模式,不稳定的波模对进一步解释极区中层尘埃等离子体的分层结构可能有重要意义.  相似文献   

Longitudinal dispersion in vegetated rivers with stochastic flows     

S. Tealdi  C. Camporeale  E. Perucca  L. Ridolfi 《Advances in water resources》2010

Longitudinal dispersion is one of the most important transport processes in fluvial ecosystems. It affects the transport of chemicals, nutrients, seeds, and wood debris along a river. The focus of this work is on the impact of riparian vegetation on the dispersion coefficient. The investigation considers stochastic forcing due to the river discharge randomness and its interplay with vegetation dynamics. A stochastic bio-hydrodynamical model is proposed and the probability distribution of the dispersion coefficient is obtained. The model allows one to elucidate the influence of (i) the vegetation characteristics, (ii) the probabilistic structure of the discharge time series, and (iii) the hydraulic characteristics of the transect. The work demonstrates the high variability of dispersion coefficients and the remarkable impact of riparian vegetation when medium/high discharges flow.  相似文献