激光铅垂仪向上投点在地铁隧道工程中进行联系测量的实践     

高绍伟 《北京测绘》2008,(2):57-60

盾构法地铁隧道施工测量中,提高联系测量对隧道贯通起着决定的作用。本文对地铁施工测量贯通测量的误差来源进行了分配,对二井定向利用激光铅垂仪向上投点方案进行了精度分析,并和钢丝投点法的计算成果进行了比较,提出了激光铅垂仪向上投点法方案措施。  相似文献   

汶川震区北川9.24暴雨泥石流特征研究   总被引：32，自引：1，他引：31  

唐川  梁京涛 《工程地质学报》2008,16(6):751-758

2008年9月24日汶川震区的北川县暴雨导致区域性泥石流发生,这次9.24暴雨泥石流灾害导致了42人死亡,对公路和其他基础设施造成严重损毁。本研究采用地面调查和遥感解译方法分析地震与暴雨共同作用下的泥石流特征,获取的气象数据用于分析泥石流起动的临界雨量条件。本文探讨了研究区泥石流起动和输移过程,并根据野外调查,分析了泥石流形成的降雨、岩石和断层作用,特别是强降雨过程与物源区对泥石流发生的作用。根据应急调查发现北川县境内暴雨诱发的泥石流72处,其分布受岩石类型、发震断层和河流等因素控制。根据对研究区震前和震后泥石流发生的临界雨量和雨强的初步分析,汶川地震后,该区域泥石流起动的前期累积雨量降低了14.8%～22.1%,小时雨强降低25.4 %～31.6%。震区泥石流起动方式主要有二种,一是由于暴雨过程形成的斜坡表层径流导致悬挂于斜坡上的滑坡体表面和前缘松散物质向下输移,进入沟道后转为泥石流过程;二是消防水管效应使沟道水流快速集中,并强烈冲刷沟床中松散固体物质,导致沟床物质起动并形成泥石流过程。调查和分析发现沟内堆积的滑坡坝对泥石流的阻塞明显,溃决后可导致瞬时洪峰流量特别大。研究结果表明了汶川震区已进入一个新的活跃期。因此,应该开展对汶川地震区的泥石流风险评估和监测、早期预警,采取有效的工程措施控制泥石流的发生和危害。  相似文献   

近年我国矿产勘查重大成果特征与分析     

陕亮  张万益  姚晓峰  马腾  刘江涛  贾德龙  王尧  张鑫刚 《地质论评》2016,62(S1):154-156

2010~2014年,我国矿产资源重要勘查成果不断涌现。为开展矿产勘查进展长期动态跟踪与成果集成,进一步服务十三五全国矿产勘查规划部署,笔者依托原中国地质调查局发展研究中心承担的地质调查项目,以我国21个重点成矿区带和铁、铜、铝等14类重要矿种的勘查进展为研究对象,分析了勘查成果特征,开展了成果概况、分布区域、探获资源量、加权平均品位等多方面综合评价。  相似文献   

Distribution characteristics and source of BTEX in groundwater in Guangzhou,Guangdong Province,P. R. China     

LIU Chun-yan  SUN Ji-chao  JING Ji-hong  ZHANG Ying  GUO Wei-xuan 《地下水科学与工程》2016,4(3):238-246

In order to find out the distribution characteristics of BTEX in groundwater, which include Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, p-Xylene, m-Xylene, and o-Xylene, 82 groups of groundwater samples and 10 surface water samples collected from Guangzhou in Guangdong during 2005 to 2008 were tested by gas chromatography and mass spectrum(GC/MS). The result showed that the BTEX concentration in groundwater does not exceed the standard. The detection rate of BTEX is 14.63% in groundwater, and the total BTEX concentration is lower than 9.5 μg/L. Of 6 kinds of BTEX, toluene had the highest detection rate(12.20%) and detection value(9.5 μg/L), which was followed by Benzene, with the detection rate of 3.65%, and detection value of 4.9 μg/L respectively; most of samples with BTEX are distributed in Huangpu district, Baiyun district, Huadu district and other industrialized areas; this spatial distribution and urban distribution have obvious consistency. With economic development, plant expansion and population growth led to a large amount of waste water discharge, and infrastructure construction is lagging behind, indicating that rapid urbanization is a major driving force of BTEX in groundwater, and through the analysis of a typical area, it is found that benzene system surface water infiltration was an important source of BTEX in groundwater of Guangzhou.  相似文献   

台风“麦莎”活动期间TTL区域的物质分布特征分析     

陈丹  苏涛 《气象科学》2016,36(6):760-769

利用ECMWF逐6 h的ERA-Interim再分析资料,分析了台风"麦莎"的环流场、位势高度场以及涡度场随时间的演变,了解台风的发生发展过程。在此基础上,进一步分析了台风发生发展期间热带对流层顶(TTL,称为热带对流层到经流层的过渡带)区域的云覆盖情况和微量物质(臭氧、云冰、水汽)分布特征,并对其产生的原因进行了初步探究。结果表明:(1)台风活动强盛地区的TTL区域臭氧浓度相对较低。(2)台风活动期间TTL区域云冰和水汽的浓度明显升高,浓度的高值中心处于台风中心附近。(3)台风活动会使其上空TTL区域的云覆盖量增加,在TTL区域上存在一个云量的极值区。(4)台风引起的垂直运动造成了对流层和平流层之间的物质交换,进而对TTL区域的微量物质产生重要影响。  相似文献   

Rights to carbon and payments for services rendered under REDD+: Options for the case of Mexico     

Margaret Skutsch  Cecilia Simon  Alejandro Velazquez  José Carlos Fernández 《Global Environmental Change》2013,23(4):813-825

Mexico is relatively advanced in its preparation for international policy on Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) and has many of the pre-conditions needed to support a community approach in the implementation of a national REDD+ programme, particularly as regards tenure of forests and experience with community forest management and PES schemes, although these conditions do not pertain everywhere. One critical issue that is yet to be resolved concerns rights to carbon credits and distribution of the financial benefits flowing from REDD+. We demonstrate that attribution of carbon credits from reduced deforestation and degradation at the community level is virtually impossible from a technical viewpoint, since these credits are counterfactual. Payments based on assessment of performance of each community in terms of such reductions would moreover be inequitable and inefficient. Flat rate payments in return for agreed improvements in management are likely to be more motivating and much easier to administer. However, increases in carbon stock (forest enhancement) can be physically measured on site, and could be more easily attributed to each individual community. We therefore propose a system in which reduced deforestation and degradation are considered environmental services, with credits accruing to national government. The financial value of the credits may be used to finance flat rate payments to communities who agree to implement improved management. On the other hand, credits for forest enhancement, which reflect measurable increases in carbon in the communities’ trees, would be considered environmental goods. These should be considered the direct property of the owners of the forest (in the same sense as wood or poles) and it would be possible for communities to sell these credits themselves. We acknowledge however that many other problems face implementation of REDD+ in Mexico, and provide a number of important examples.  相似文献   

Sensitivity analysis of a Penman–Monteith type equation to estimate reference evapotranspiration in southern Spain     

Javier Estévez  Pedro Gavilán  Joaquín Berengena 《水文研究》2009,23(23):3342-3353

Sensitivity analysis is crucial in assessing the impact of climatic variables on reference evapotranspiration estimations. The sensitivity of the standardized ASCE–Penman–Monteith evapotranspiration equation for daily estimations to climatic variables has not yet been studied in Spain. Andalusia is located in southern Spain where almost 1 million ha are irrigated under quite different conditions; it has a high inter‐annual variability in rainfall. In this study, sensitivity analyses for this equation were carried out for temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation and wind speed data from 87 automatic weather stations, including coastal and inland locations, from 1999 to 2006. Topography and Mediterranean climate characterize the heterogeneous landscape and vegetation of this region. Simulated random and systematic errors have been added to meteorological data to obtain ET₀ deviations and sensitivity coefficients for different time periods. BIAS and SEE (standard error of estimate) have been used to evaluate the effect of both types of errors. The results showed a large degree of daily and seasonal variability, especially for temperature and relative humidity. In general, the effect on ET₀ values of introduced random errors was larger than that of systematic errors. ET₀ overestimations were produced using positive errors in temperature, solar radiation and wind speed data, while these errors in relative humidity resulted in ET₀ underestimations. The sensitivity of ET₀ to the same climatic variables showed significant differences among locations. The geographical distribution of sensitivity coefficients across this region was also studied. As an example, during spring months, ET₀ equation was more sensitive to temperature in stations located along the Guadalquivir Valley. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A pore-throat model based on grain-size distribution to quantify gravity-dominated DNAPL instabilities in a water-saturated homogeneous porous medium     

Khalifa Nsir  Gerhard Schfer 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2010,342(12):881-891

A pore-scale network model based on spherical pore bodies and cylindrical pore throats was developed to describe the displacement of water by DNAPL. The pore body size and the pore throat size were given by statistical distributions with user-specified values for the minimum, mean and maximum sizes. The numerical model was applied to a laboratory experiment conducted on a sand-filled glass column. The parameters relative to pore body size and pore throat size that were used in the construction of the equivalent network were derived from the discrete grain-size distribution of the real porous medium. The calculated arrival times of the DNAPL front were compared with those measured using optic fibre sensors placed at different points on the control section of the experimental device. Furthermore, the model simulated DNAPL pressure measured at the entrance section of the system. In general, the numerical results obtained with the model were in good agreement with the actual measurements.  相似文献   

东海和南黄海表层海水中几种挥发性卤代烃的分布和通量研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

宋贵生  杨桂朋  陆小兰 《海洋与湖沼》2013,44(1):9-14

以中国近海有代表性的陆架区——东海及南黄海为目标,对东海和南黄海中常见的5种挥发性卤代烃(VHCs)的分布及其海-气通量进行了研究.研究表明,在黄海03断面表层海水中CHCl3、C2HCl3、C2Cl4、CHBrCl2和CHBr2Cl的浓度分别为41(31-54)、53 (23-80)、17 (6.3-23)、23 (7.4-34)和51 (3.1-92) pmol/L,东海表层海水中的浓度分别为25(11-83)、54 (12-95)、39 (9.2-94)、25(5.4-74)和6.4 (1.3-41) pmol/L.由于受人为活动、河流输入和黑潮水入侵的影响,VHCs在水平分布上呈现近岸高、远海低的规律;5种VHCs在表层海水中的浓度与叶绿素a(Chla)存在相关性;这5种化合物在表层海水中没有完全一致的周日变化规律, CHBrCl2和CHBr2Cl的最大值分别在上午10时和下午16时出现,CHCl3、C2HCl3和C2Cl4均在下午13时出现最大值.根据表层海水中CHCl3、C2HCl3和C2Cl4的浓度和文献报道的大气浓度,运用Liss和Salter双层模型,估算得到这3种物质在南黄海的海-气通量分别为76 (1.97-149)、160 (1.07-330)和53 (0.70-119) nmol/(m2·d),在东海的海-气通量为46 (1.65-223)、171 (6.27-495)和135 (3.41-484) nmol/(m2·d),东海和南黄海在冬季是大气CHCl3、C2HCl3和C2Cl4的源.  相似文献   

江淮地区极端降水特征及其变化趋势的研究   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

王静  余锦华  何俊琦 《气候与环境研究》2015,20(1):80-88

利用1961~2011年江淮地区5~9月无缺测的71站逐日降水资料,做基于POT(Peaks-Over-Threshold)的广义Pareto分布(GPD),研究江淮地区极端降水的分布特征及其变化趋势。结果表明:(1)皖赣交界处阈值最大,西北和东南部较小,且江淮大部分地区阈值的线性趋势系数为正,其中湖北东部和江西北部的站点,趋势达0.8 mm(10 a)-1以上,并通过了显著性水平0.01的MK(Mann-Kendall)检验。(2)江淮地区中东部多存在连续性极端降水,因此文中采用基于极值指数的自动分串技术获得近似独立的极值样本。(3)尺度参数大值区位于江淮南部,西北、东南以及淮河以北较小,且线性趋势系数在大部分地区均表现为正值,表明出现降水极大值的概率增加。(4)皖赣鄂交界处是极端降水发生概率大值区,而西北、东南及安徽中部地区较小,且极端降水在大部分地区有增加的趋势,特别是在大别山附近及河南东部,2年和20年重现水平的趋势分别达6 mm(10 a)-1和20 mm(10 a)-1以上。  相似文献