Tectonics induced switching of provenance during the Late Quaternary aggradation of the Indus River Valley,Ladakh, India     

Ravish Lal  H.S.Saini  N.C.Pant  S.A.I.Mujtaba 《地学前缘(英文版)》2019,10(1):285-297

The Indus River flows through Ladakh, one of the driest and coldest places on earth, in a tectonically active domain. Fluvial, glaciofluvial, lacustrine and debris dominated sequences represent the Late Quaternary sedimentary record along the river course. Karakoram Fault, a major crustal scaled feature reported to be active during the Quaternary, is associated with the Indus River drainage. Linkages between a major, active fault and deposits formed during the activity period of the fault are explored using heavy mineral deduced provenance and Optically Stimulated Luminescence(OSL) chronology.Five deposits in a ~200 km long stretch of the Indus River have been examined for a ~80 ka period to decipher the climate linked aggradation history. Damming of the Indus River at ~79 ka and existence of the Spituk Lake for >30 ka is demonstrated. Using geology of the provenance in relation to the mineralogical attributes of the Quaternary deposits, the major drainage reorganization when the connection of the Tangtse Valley to the Indus was blocked, is inferred at ~73 ka. It is supported by the geologicalgeomorphological evidence. The study demonstrates the application of provenance linked mineralogy in terrestrial aggradation in a tectonically active region.  相似文献   

Variation of specific yield with depth in an alluvial aquifer of the Platte River valley, USA     

Jinxi SONG Xunhong CHEN 《国际泥沙研究》2010,25(2):185-193

Estimation of specific yield (Sy) of an aquifer is of great importance in water resource management. In this study, an experimental drainage method was developed to determine specific yield of an alluvial aquifer of the Platte River valley, Nebraska, USA. Sets of sediment cores with continuous interval depth were collected to plastic tubes using the direct push technique and then taken to the laboratory. During the Sy experiment, those sediment cores were re-saturated by placing them vertically in a large water tank. Sy was determined by the water drained from the sediments by force of gravity in a bracket. Our results show that the values of Sy varied largely with depth at each site and the variability for Sy with interval depth between the test sites is also observed. This spatial heterogeneity in Sy might result from the variation of grain size, grain shape, sorting and compaction of sediments in different cores with interval depth. The Sy for all sediment cores ranged from 0.01 to 0.18 and the mean value was 0.08±0.04. Our drainage method can functionally preserve the sedimentary structures in their original state and it is easier to experiment at a lower expense.  相似文献   

淮河流域（江苏段）主要地质灾害分布特征及成因分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

陆徐荣  王茂亭  周爱国  杨磊  陆华  鄂建 《中国地质灾害与防治学报》2009,20(3):85-89

文章对淮河流域（江苏段）50年来所发生地质灾害进行总结。在地质灾害调查的基础上,从岩性、地形地貌、地质构造、降雨、人类活动等方面对区内发育的滑坡、崩塌、地面沉降、岩溶地面塌陷、采空地面塌陷等主要地质灾害类型进行了分析研究,得出淮河流域（江苏段）地质灾害发生的主因为人为活动,在其它适宜的条件如软弱层、构造、降雨等配合下形成了地质灾害的发育现状。在此基础上,提出以防为主,科学评估、加强监督与宣传的防治对策。  相似文献   

Evening and Morning Transition of Katabatic Flows   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

K. H. Papadopoulos  C. G. Helmis 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1999,92(2):195-227

An experimental investigation of the evening and morning transition phases of katabatic slope flows has been conducted to identify the mechanisms for their development and destruction over an isolated slope. The momentum and energy equations of the flow have been used to describe these mechanisms for the particular topographic features of the studied slope, and to outline the differences from the dynamics of well-developed simple slope flows. In the lowest portion of the slope, frontal characteristics have been identified in early evening periods when the local pre-existing near-surface thermal structure does not impose a katabatic acceleration. The frontal shape is determined by the near-surface thermal stability and ambient wind. The flow initiation is distinctly different when it is linked to the local surface cooling, in which case it develops gradually and produces a slight local warming.The erosion of the katabatic layer at mid-slope precedes that at the foot and is closely linked to dilution of the local surface inversion. The flow erosion at the foot is often delayed, as the warming of air proceeds uniformly at all heights near the ground, so maintaining the inversion due to warming produced by mixing and advective processes linked to the upslope flow development. The latter initiates first at mid-slope and then at the foot, where for a non-negligible time period it flows over the persistent katabatic flow. The prerequisite for the development of this structure is the maintenance of a shallow inversion in the first 2–3 m above the ground surface.The morning dilution of the katabatic flow is apparently different from common experience over simple slopes and may be attributed to the steep upper portion of the slope in association with its easterly orientation, which results in strong non-uniformity of the solar heating along the slope.  相似文献   

软粘土动力排水固结机理研究综述   总被引：11，自引：3，他引：8  

胡瑞林 《工程地质学报》2006,14(1):45-51

动力排水固结法是在传统强夯法基础上通过改善排水条件而发展的一种新的软基处理技术。本文在对该项技术的研究意义、基本原理做简要陈述基础上,重点评述了固结机理的国内外研究现状及其存在的主要问题,并提出了若干值得深入研究的课题。  相似文献   

Soil erosion and conservation on land cultivated and drained for afforestation     

P. A. Carling  M. S. Glaister  T. P. Flintham 《水文研究》1993,7(3):317-333

Erosion of soil from pre-afforestation plough furrows has been measured on four soil types in Scotland for 12 to 18 month periods between 1987 and 1990. Rainfall-run-off was also measured at one site. Run-off is directly proportional to furrow length and rainfall intensity, and for a wide range of intensities (typically > 6 mm hr^?1) small amount of soil is flushed out of the furrows. However, for furrow spacings of 3.8 m, a critical downslope run-off increment associated with significant soil loss is of the order of 25 cm³ s^?1 m^?1, which is in accord with a storm of five years return period and a maximum intensity of 25 mm hr^?1. The total run-off volume for any hydrograph is commensurate with the total rainfall in the rainstorm — typically 40–80% by the hydrograph peak and approaching 100% by the end of the hydrograph; i.e. long term storage is negligible. A positive relationship was recorded between furrow length, slope angle and sediment yield, with deposition predominating in furrows less than 30 m in length on slopes less than a few degrees. Soil loss is proportional to the excess streampower expended by the run-off with an exponent in the range 1–1.5. For the soils examined, significant differences in soil loss when comparing sites for low power expenditure become undifferentiated at high power expenditures. For the rainfall regimes monitored, maximum soil losses were in the region of 40 kg per meter run-length of furrow, when soil peds were ripped from the bed. Laboratory data concerning the critical erosion threshold power and shear stress to erode soil peds are in general accord with the threshold furrow run-lengths defined using the field data for a five year storm and the soil losses observed.  相似文献   

黄土丘陵沟壑区沟谷网络自动制图技术研究   总被引：32，自引：1，他引：31  

闾国年  钱亚东  陈钟明 《测绘学报》1998,27(2):131-137

黄土丘陵沟壑区沟谷网络自动制图技术的核心是沟谷网络的自动提取技术。本文基于沟谷网络和汇流网络的差别,提出了形态学方法和水文学方法相结合自动提取沟谷网络的新技术,设计了完整的基于栅格数字高程数据的提取算法,并给出了典型黄土沟壑丘陵区山西离石王家沟小流域的运行结果。提取得到的沟谷网络与实际情况相符。  相似文献   

Regional geologic environs and natural resources of Badia Sector, Jordan     

A. S. Al-Homoud  R. J. Allison  D. L. Higgitt  K. White  B. F. Sunna 《Environmental Geology》1998,36(1-2):18-26

 This paper summarizes the information on the geology and natural resources of the Jordan Badia Research and Development Programme. The research focused on the issue of the environment in arid lands as an aid to provide practical options for sustainable development. This paper presents results of field studies in the following areas related to the sustainable development of the Safawi area in the northern Jordan Badia; geomorphology, including landform, soil, lands, processes and hazards, geology and physical resources and surface water hydrology. Tertiary-Quaternary continental basalt flows and tuffs cover approximately 11 000 km², the majority of the Safawi area. In addition to extensive basalt lava flows, the programme area includes a variety of geological outcrops and potential sources of economic products that include the following: Tuff/Scoria, Zeolite/Olivine, Porcellanite, potential sources of aggregate/construction materials, ornamental stone, building stone, basalt for manufacturing of rock wool, and materials suitable for producing lightweight aggregate. The whole of the eastern Badia exhibits major fault systems, many of which were identified from Landsat TM images. The system of wadis which drains the Badia is extensive, with the general flow from the north to the south and south-west. A noticeable geomorphic surficial deposit occuring throughout much of the Badia is fine-grained, water-lain sediments that vary in size and character. The local designation for the fine sediment deposits is Qaa. An MSS scene for the area under consideration has been studied. Twelve major geomorphic subdivisions or zones can be identified. Individual land system units have been identified by traversing the programme area. Key sites have been visited based on Landsat TM image interpretation. To a large extent, key areas were subdivided after their initial identification on the Landsat scene and corroboration in the field. The surface drainage of the Badia region can be broadly divided into wadi systems, areas of distinct channelized flow, and Qaa, predominantly fine-grained sedimentary basins of low relief. Spatial variability in infiltration rates across the wadi-Qaa system were determined from field experiments. Infiltration rates were found to be medium-high in the wadi channels but decrease rapidly for the Qaa materials. Apparently runoff from wadi side slopes will be high, and water storage occurs along the wadi channels while ponding occurs in the Qaa areas. Received: 13 March 1997 · Accepted: 13 January 1998  相似文献   

Drainage Network Modelling for Water-Sensitive Urban Design     

Joshphar Kunapo  Shobhit Chandra  Jim Peterson 《Transactions in GIS》2009,13(2):167-178

While drainage network models may be relatively easy to assemble as a prerequisite to site selection for infrastructure supporting suburbanisation with Water-Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD), this is unlikely to be the case if the terrain is very subdued. Both ab initio and retro-fit WSUD implementation for such terrain refers, in the first instance, to a drainage network model that includes information on the scope for optimising residential space while conforming to: (1) statutory planning rules about the provision of public open space; and (2) WSUD drainage network design such that runoff waters are retained long enough to allow at least temporary storage. It is shown in this research that a technique applied to condition a LiDAR DEM can accurately model the drainage network of a basin at the land-parcel scale. The drainage network for ab initio WSUD is best defined using multi-flow modelling, with the relative significance of stream segments indicated by their stream order derived using the Strahler method. In contrast, when applying the retro-fit WSUD, the relative significance of segments given by the Shreve stream order method was found to be more useful. The approaches described in this article are designed to support the initial site planning stage and avoid the need for immediate and expensive detailed field survey. At the same time they can be deployed to show how much scope there is for WSUD retro-fit in established housing areas up-stream of an infill development area. Thus, basin-wide appraisal is facilitated and the need for earthmoving is minimised.  相似文献   

A new treatment of depression for drainage network extraction based on DEM     

Yan Wang  Hong Peng  Peng Cui  Wanshun Zhang  Fei Qiao  Cai’er Chen 《山地科学学报》2009,6(4):311-319

Depressions in landscapes function as buffers for water and sediment. A landscape with depressions has less runoff, less erosion and more sedimentation than that without depressions. Sinks in digital elevation models （DEMs） can be considered the real features that represent depressions in actual landscapes or spurious features that result from errors in DEM creation. In many hydrological and erosion models, all sinks are considered as spurious features and, as a result, these models do not deal with the sinks that represent real depressions. Consequently, the surface runoff and erosion are overestimated due to removing the depressions. Aiming at this problem, this paper presents a new method, which deal with the sinks that represent real depressions. The drainage network is extracted without changing the original DEM. The method includes four steps： detecting pits, detecting depressions, merging depressions, and extracting drainage network. Because the elevations of grid cells are not changed, the method can also avoid producing new fiat areas, which are always produced by the conventional filling methods. The proposed method was applied to the Xihanshui River basin, the upper reach of the Jialingjiang River basin, China, to automatically extract the drainage network based on DEM. The extracted drainage network agrees well with the reality and can be used for further hydrologic analysis and erosion estimation.  相似文献