藏北高原现代火山的航空象片与地图分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

罗国祉 《地理研究》1987,6(3):74-80

本文应用航空象片和地形图分析了藏北地区现代火山和分布,对研究藏北高原火山活动有一定参考价值。  相似文献   

Fluid geochemistry of Montserrat Island,West Indies     

G. Chiodini  R. Cioni  A. Frullani  M. Guidi  L. Marini  F. Prati  B. Raco 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1996,58(5):380-392

 Two geochemical surveys carried out in March 1991 and September 1992 revealed the existence of a hydrothermal system in the southern portion of Montserrat Island, below Soufrière Hills Volcano. This conclusion is supported by the presence of: (a) the thermal springs of Plymouth which are fed by deep Na–Cl waters (Cl concentration ∼25 000 mg/kg, temperature ca. 250  °C) mixed with shallow steam-heated waters; (b) the four fumarolic fields of Galway's Soufrière, Gages Upper Soufrière, Gages Lower Soufrière, and Tar River Soufrière, where acid to neutral, steam-heated waters are present together with several fumarolic vents, discharging vapors formed through boiling of hydrothermal aqueous solutions. Involvement of magmatic fluids in the recharge of the hydrothermal aquifers is suggested by: (a) the high ³He/⁴He ratios of fumarolic fluids, i.e., 8.2 R_A at Galway's Soufrière and 5.9 R_A at Gages Lower Soufrière; (b) the δD and δ¹⁸O values of Na–Cl thermal springs and steam condensates, indicating the involvement of arc-type magmatic water in the formation of deep geothermal liquids; and (c) the CH₄/CO₂ ratios of fumarolic fluids, which are lower than expected for equilibrium with the FeO–FeO_1.5 hydrothermal rock buffer, but being shifted towards the SO₂–H₂S magmatic gas buffer. Received: 26 March 1996 / Accepted: 19 July 1996  相似文献   

Reappraisal of the 1982 eruptions of El Chichón Volcano, Chiapas, Mexico: new data from proximal deposits     

J. L. Macías  M. F. Sheridan  J. M. Espíndola 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1997,58(6):459-471

 Additional data from proximal areas enable a reconstruction of the stratigraphy and the eruptive chronology of phases III and IV of the 1982 eruption of El Chichón Volcano. Phase III began on 4 April at 0135 GMT with a powerful hydromagmatic explosion that generated radially fast-moving (∼100 ms^–1) pyroclastic clouds that produced a surge deposit (S1). Due to the sudden reduction in the confining pressure the process continued by tapping of magma from a deeper source, causing a new explosion. The ejected juvenile material mixed with large amounts of fragmented dome and wall rock, which were dispersed laterally in several pulses as lithic-rich block-and-ash flow (F1). Partial evacuation of juvenile material from the magmatic system prompted the entrance of external water to generate a series of hydromagmatic explosions that dispersed moisture-rich surge clouds and small-volume block-and-ash flows (IU) up to distances of 3 km from the crater. The eruption continued by further decompression of the magmatic system, with the ensuing emission of smaller amounts of gas-rich magma which, with the strong erosion of the volcanic conduit, formed a lithic-rich Plinian column that deposited fallout layer B. Associated with the widening of the vent, an increase in the effective density of the uprising column took place, causing its collapse. Block-and-ash flows arising from the column collapse traveled along valleys as a dense laminar flow (F2). In some places, flow regime changes due to topographic obstacles promoted transformation into a turbulent surge (S2) which attained minimum velocities of approximately 77 ms^–1 near the volcano. The process continued with the formation of a new column on 4 April at 1135 GMT (phase IV) that emplaced fall deposit C and was followed by hydromagmatic explosions which produced pyroclastic surges (S3). Received: 13 May 1996 / Accepted: 12 November 1996  相似文献   

Micro-textures in plagioclase from 1994–1995 eruption, Barren Island Volcano: Evidence of dynamic magma plumbing system in the Andaman subduction zone     

M.L.Renjith 《地学前缘(英文版)》2014,5(1):113-126

A systematic account of micro-textures and a few compositional profles of plagioclase from high-alumina basaltic aa lava erupted during the year 1994-1995,from Barren Island Volcano,NE India ocean,are presented for the frst time.The identifed micro-textures can be grouped into two categories:(i)Growth related textures in the form of coarse/fne-sieve morphology,fne-scale oscillatory zoning and resorption surfaces resulted when the equilibrium at the crystal-melt interface was fuctuated due to change in temperature or H2O or pressure or composition of the crystallizing melt;and(ii)morphological texture,like glomerocryst,synneusis,swallow-tailed crystal,microlite and broken crystals,formed by the infuence of dynamic behavior of the crystallizing magma(convection,turbulence,degassing,etc.).Each micro-texture has developed in a specifc magmatic environment,accordingly,a frst order magma plumbing model and crystallization dynamics are envisaged for the studied lava unit.Magma generated has undergone extensive fractional crystallization of An-rich plagioclase in stable magmatic environment at a deeper depth.Subsequently they ascend to a shallow chamber where the newly brought crystals and pre-existing crystals have undergone dynamic crystallization via dissolution-regrowth processes in a convective selfmixing environment.Such repeated recharge-recycling processes have produced various populations of plagioclase with different micro-textural stratigraphy in the studied lava unit.Intermittent degassing and eruption related decompression have also played a major role in the fnal stage of crystallization dynamics.  相似文献   

新疆阿什库勒盆地大黑山火山地质及地球化学特征   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

赵波  许建东  肖旭  孙洪亮  张柳毅  陈正全 《岩石学报》2014,30(12):3531-3538

大黑山火山是新疆阿什库勒火山群最大的火山,通过野外地质调查和遥感解译,火山锥体由渣锥、溅落锥和寄生火山锥组成。大黑山岩石类型分别为玄武粗安岩、粗面安山岩和粗面岩,钾玄岩系列。岩浆分离结晶特征明显,斜长石晶体析出导致残余熔体中δEu形成明显负异常。大黑山锥体南侧发育一套长约1.3km的碎屑熔岩。该套岩石显微薄片上表现为发育玻晶交织结构和溶蚀结构等熔岩结构特征,少许凝灰结构。碎屑主要为5~6cm的角砾,含少量的火山弹。角砾可能来自于大黑山火山较强的爆发,生成岩屑以及少量凝灰质碎屑。后期熔岩喷泉式喷发形成熔岩流,在流动过程中裹带大量的岩屑以及少量凝灰质碎屑。该套碎屑熔岩的发现,加深了对整个地区火山活动类型的了解。  相似文献   

长白山火山灾害研究概观   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

李继泰 《东北地震研究》1998,14(2):59-66

本文概述了当代火山灾害与长白山火山研究的现状,简要地介绍了在火山灾害研究中取得的资料、认识与进展,可供进一步研究参考。  相似文献   

An efficient method to compute the dynamic response of a fluid-filled crack     

Mare Yamamoto  Hitoshi Kawakatsu 《Geophysical Journal International》2008,174(3):1174-1186

The vibration of a fluid-filled crack is considered to be one of the most plausible source mechanisms for the long-period events and volcanic tremors occurring around volcanoes. As a tool for the quantitative interpretation of source process of such volcanic seismic signals, we propose a method to numerically simulate the dynamic response of a fluid-filled crack. In this method, we formulate the motions of the fluid inside and the elastic solid outside of the crack, using boundary integrals in the frequency domain and solve the dynamic interactions between the fluid and the elastic solid using the point collocation method. The present method is more efficient compared with the time-domain finite difference method, which has been used in simulations of a fluid-filled crack and enables us to study the dynamics of a fluid-filled crack over a wide range of physical parameters. The method also allows us direct calculation of the attenuation quality factor of the crack resonance, which is an indispensable parameter for estimating the properties of the fluid inside the crack. The method is also designed to be flexible to many applications, which may be encountered in volcano seismology, and thus, extensions of the method to more complicated problems are promising.  相似文献   

淡水河口海岸阶地之对比     

董德辉  邓国雄  刘佳怡 《福建地理》2008,(4):8-15

海阶是海平面变动、地壳变动或两者共同作用之结果．海阶研究不仅可据以推论古气候、往昔海平面变化及地壳变动状况,更可藉以了解各区域间变动的差异,对全盘了解大地构造具有基本的重要性．本文研究区位于欧亚大陆板块与菲律宾海板块的碰撞地带,地壳活动频繁,海阶的分布、规模等,除了受到海平面变动影响之外,尚受到区域性地壳隆升以及近期火山活动的影响．研究结果显示,淡水河两岸的海阶阶序,分别为北岸9阶,由低至高为第Ⅰ阶0～10m、第Ⅱ阶30～50m、第Ⅲ阶55～95m、第Ⅳ阶100～130m、第V阶135～173m、第Ⅵ阶190～275m、第Ⅶ阶285～310m、第Ⅷ阶320～365m、第Ⅸ阶375～405m．南岸有7阶,第Ⅰ阶0～10m、第Ⅱ阶25～50m、第Ⅲ阶65～95m、第Ⅳ阶115～138m、第V阶150～200m、第Ⅵ阶230～275m、第Ⅶ阶285～350m．利用海阶对比基图,得到各段阶地生成年代分别为北岸6kaBP（Ⅰ）、40kaBP（Ⅱ）、57kaBP（Ⅲ）、77．5kaBP（Ⅳ）、88．5kaBP（Ⅴ）、126．5kaBP（Ⅵ）、148．5kaBP（Ⅶ）、183kaBP（Ⅷ）、202kaBP（Ⅸ）．淡水河口南岸分别为6kaBP（Ⅰ）、40kaBP（Ⅱ）、57kaBP（Ⅲ）、79kaBP（Ⅳ）、100kaBP（Ⅴ）、126．5kaBP（Ⅵ）、173．4kaBP（Ⅶ）．淡水河两岸仅一水之隔,区域性地壳变动及海平面变动大致相同,但大屯火山之活动年代较观音火山之年代早,因而大屯山地势较高,经过比对,隆升速率影响地势高低与海阶发育特征,两岸之平均隆升速率分别是北岸的2．2mm／a和南岸的2．15mm/a,北岸略较南岸活跃,阶数多,地势高．  相似文献   

A reappraisal of shear wave splitting parameters from Italian active volcanic areas through a semiautomatic algorithm   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Francesca Bianco  Lucia Zaccarelli 《Journal of Seismology》2009,13(2):253-266

Shear wave splitting parameters represent a useful tool to detail the stress changes occurring in volcanic environments before impending eruptions. In the present paper, we display the parameter estimates obtained through implementation of a semiautomatic algorithm applied to all useful datasets of the following Italian active volcanic areas: Mt. Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei, and Mt. Etna. Most of these datasets have been the object of several studies (Bianco et al., Annali di Geofisica, XXXXIX 2:429–443, 1996, J Volcanol Geotherm Res 82:199–218, 1998a, Geophys Res Lett 25(10):1545–1548, 1998b, Phys Chem Earth 24:977–983, 1999, J Volcanol Geotherm Res 133:229–246, 2004, Geophys J Int 167(2):959–967, 2006; Del Pezzo et al., Bull Seismol Soc Am 94(2):439–452, 2004). Applying the semiautomatic algorithm, we confirmed the results obtained in previous studies, so we do not discuss in much detail each of our findings but give a general overview of the anisotropic features of the investigated Italian volcanoes. In order to make a comparison among the different volcanic areas, we present our results in terms of the main direction of the fast polarization (φ) and percentage of shear wave anisotropy (ξ).  相似文献   

Block-and-ash flow deposition: A conceptual model from a GPR survey on pyroclastic-flow deposits at Merapi Volcano, Indonesia   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

C. Gomez  F. Lavigne  D.S. Hadmoko  N. Lespinasse  P. Wassmer 《Geomorphology》2009,110(3-4):118-127

In 2006, a series of block-and-ash flows swept the southwestern and southern flanks of Merapi Volcano, Java, Indonesia. In the K. Gendol valley, near the village of Kaliadem, we conducted a GPR survey on the most distal lobe of the June 14th second block-and-ash flow deposit. For this 100 m-long transect, we used a commercial GPR RAMAC© mounted with 100 MHz antennas. We measured the topography with a synchronized GPS and a laser rangefinder. Back at the laboratory, we processed the dataset with the software REFLEX®. Data of the subsurface reveals a series of layers, separated by strong reflective horizons. These horizons are the manifestation of intercalations of fine materials in between more coarse layers. The architecture of these layers presents progradation, retrogradation and aggradation patterns that we relate to the block-and-ash flow deposition process. Based on these observations we proposed a relative chronology of the deposition and a simple conceptual model of the deposition. The model show that the block-and-ash flow can deposit either long, close to horizontal single layers, or shorter layers that imbricate themselves, following different patterns (progradation, retrogradation or aggradation). Nevertheless we remained cautious, since we only studied a very short portion of the deposit, and similar experiences need to be repeated. Moreover there are reflections in the radargram that we could not identify, and further studies need to be conducted.  相似文献