黄土高原复杂地形上边界层低空急流对近地层湍流的影响   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

梁捷宁  张镭  田鹏飞  曹贤洁  王宏斌  闭建荣 《地球物理学报》2014,57(5):1387-1398

利用中尺度气象数值模式（Weather Research and Forecasting Model,WRF）模拟风场,结合兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站（Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University,SACOL）湍流观测资料,分析了黄土高原复杂地形上稳定边界层低空急流对近地层湍流活动的影响.黄土高原复杂地形上稳定边界层低空急流的形成与地形作用引发的局地环流有关.低空急流对近地层湍流活动有强烈影响,剪切作用使小尺度湍涡活动加剧,湍动能增大,同时非平稳运动被压制.低空急流发生时,观测数据有87.3%是弱稳定情形（梯度理查森数小于0.25）;而无低空急流时,对应时段的观测表明65.4%属于强稳定层结（梯度理查森数大于0.3）,非平稳运动造成湍流功率谱在低频端迅速增大.与无低空急流和弱低空急流情形相比,强低空急流发生时,近地层湍动能增大1倍,湍动能在垂直方向上的传递增大1个量级,且方向向下,约为-3 × 10^-3 m³·s^-3,湍流在上层产生并向下传递.  相似文献   

Overview of the UAV—Based Eddy Covariance Fluxes Measurements Technique     

Yibo Sun  De Su  Zhanjun Quan  Haolü Shang  Bing Geng  Xingwen Lin  Pingping Jing  Yang Bao  Yanhua Zhao  Wei Yang 《地球科学进展》2019,34(8):842-854

Airborne Eddy Covariance (EC) method is one of the most effective ways to measure the turbulent fluxes over regional scale directly. The turbulent fluxes from airborne EC method have the same spatial scale with the pixel scale of remote sensing image and the grid scale of land-surface models, which is very important for the simulation of regional or global land-surface fluxes. UAV-based eddy covariance method could achieve the observation of turbulent fluxes in a multi-period and multi-sorties way, and the observation result is reliable and the application is inexpensive. It is an important development direction for airborne flux observation technique. After the introduction of the main technical characteristics of the airborne EC method, this paper reviewed the worldwide progress in UAV-based fluxes measurements system from these aspects of the specifications of the UAVs, the integrated instruments, and the analysis of the application cases. Then, the main sources of uncertainty affecting the UAV-based fluxes measurements were discussed. At last, the shortcomings of the current UAV-based flux observation system were summarized. A brief outlook about UAV-based fluxes measurements technique was also given.  相似文献   

Lagrangian and Eulerian estimates of circulation in the lee of Kapiti Island,New Zealand     

Stephen M. Chiswell  Craig L. Stevens 《Continental Shelf Research》2010

Lagrangian drifters, moored acoustic Doppler current meters and hydrographic observations are combined with wind observations to describe the mean and variable nature of flow around Kapiti Island, New Zealand. Thirteen day-long deployments of up to six Lagrangian drifters show the mean flow is to the southwest, with evidence of stronger flows in the channel separating the island from the mainland, and an island wake in the lee of the island. Vortices in this island wake may be tidally driven. Scaling considerations suggest the flow is strong enough that tidal-generated vortices are shed on each tidal cycle. Both the drifters and mooring data suggest that the d’Urville Current around Kapiti Island has a significant wind-driven component. During north-westerlies, the drifters tend to hug the coast, and south-eastwards flows in the Rauoterangi Channel are accelerated. We suggest the observed correlation is the local expression of a South Taranaki basin scale response to the winds.  相似文献   

陇中黄土高原垂直感热平流输送对LAS和EC观测感热通量差异的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

郝小翠  张强  杨泽粟 《中国沙漠》2015,35(1):211-219

利用"黄土高原陆面过程试验研究(LOPEX)"2010年6月定西站的陆面过程综合观测资料,以造成大孔径闪烁仪(LAS)和涡动相关仪(EC)测量感热通量的差异为切入点,从中尺度垂直感热平流输送过程入手,将垂直感热平流输送的贡献作为地表有效能量的一部分引入EC直接观测的感热通量,对比引入前后LAS和EC测量感热通量的差异大小.结果表明:黄土高原定西观测站近地层大气垂直方向主要表现为向上运动,峰值达到0.074 m·s^-1,为垂直感热平流输送提供了必要的动力条件.尤其该地区处在半干旱区,地表受太阳辐射加热比较显著,近地层温度梯度最大可达0.39 K·m^-1,为产生垂直感热平流提供了能量基础.加入垂直感热平流输送的贡献后,EC地表能量不闭合度的日均值由直接观测的0.30缩小到0.24.修正后,LAS和EC测量的感热通量拟合的线性趋势系数由直接观测时的1.258缩小到1.186,两者差异得以缩小.  相似文献   

黑河流域观测通量的空间代表性研究   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

双喜  刘绍民  徐自为  王维真 《地球科学进展》2009,24(7):724-733

地表湍流通量包括显热通量和潜热通量,它的准确测定对天气气候预报、农业节水和水资源管理等意义重大。目前应用较为广泛的通量测量技术有涡动相关仪(EC)和大孔径闪烁仪(LAS),前者是单点观测,观测范围通常只有几百米;后者近年来得到长足的发展,可以观测从几百米到十几公里尺度上的区域湍流通量。建立了EC和LAS通量解析足迹模型,详细介绍了足迹模型的理论依据和建立方法,并对二者模型的异同进行了阐释。在黑河流域遥感—地面观测同步试验中,以高寒与干旱区伴生的黑河流域为试验区,包括寒区水文试验、森林水文试验和干旱区水文试验,使用足迹模型分别分析了临泽草地站、阿柔冻融观测站的EC、LAS观测通量的源区,结合风向变化规律,对二者通量观测差异进行分析解释;分析了盈科灌区绿洲站、大野口关滩森林站的EC观测数据,以及阿柔冻融观测站的EC、LAS观测数据,选择具有代表性的月份,进行观测站点的空间代表性分析。结果表明:对通量观测站点进行空间代表性分析是十分必要的,可得到观测站点通量源区的时空变化特征,同时足迹模型在通量观测数据的分析中有很大的实用价值,可为今后通量观测数据的应用提供参考。  相似文献   

Viscosity-excluded formulations of 2-D river flow with a new wetting and drying algorithm     

Wei-Hao Chung  James A. Smith 《Advances in water resources》2008

An efficient method for simulating 2-D river flow is developed in which horizontal turbulent shears are omitted from the 2-D depth-averaged momentum equations. It is shown that a pseudo-viscosity can be reproduced to take into account the lost shear action, by incorporating the vertically integrated continuity equation to the momentum equations and transforming the latter into a discrete integral form. To simulate river flows with wet and dry areas, negative water depths are allowed when solving the continuity equation. The concept of negative water depth enables us to track flow boundaries with about the same accuracy but much less effort as compared with traditional numerical methods. An optimal threshold value defining dry areas is first obtained by one-dimensional theoretical analysis and then sought by trial-and-error for two-dimensional flow simulation with tolerable node-to-node spurious oscillations, while mass is best conserved. Numerical solutions using the new procedure are compared with the one-dimensional benchmark solution of the Saint Venant equations and the experimental data from a two-stage channel. Robustness of the present approach is also tested through the study of water flow in a natural river and a hypothetical channel with several bumps.  相似文献   

塔克拉玛干沙漠近地层湍流热通量计算方法比较研究   总被引：7，自引：4，他引：3  

艾力·买买提明  何清  高志球  阿吉古丽·沙依提  霍文  刘新春  梁云 《中国沙漠》2008,28(5):948-954

利用2007年8月3日至10月31日在塔克拉玛干沙漠大气环境观测试验站取得的大气边界层观测资料,比较了涡动相关法、波文比法和空气动力学法计算得到的湍流热通量,分析了塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地能量平衡各分量的日变化特征。结果表明：波文比法、空气动力学和涡动相关法计算得到的塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地湍流热通量日变化特征是一致的,整个观测期间,空气动力学方法和波文比法计算得出的湍流通量大于涡动相关法。它们的顺序分别为,波文比法计算得出的湍流热通量最大,空气动力学方法次之,涡动相关法最小;塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地能量平衡各分量基本上以12:00时为中心,呈对称分布。净辐射、土壤热通量、感热通量具有非常明显的日变化特征。净辐射日最高值324 W·m-2出现在当地时间11:30,最小值-85 W·m-2出现在当地时间18:30;土壤热通量在12:00左右达到日最高值143 W·m-2,而20:00时出现最小值-69 W·m-2;感热通量在13:30时左右达到最高值178 W·m-2,19:00时左右出现最小值-7 W·m-2;相对于上述3个能量平衡分量,潜热通量的日变化特征不太明显。每日12:30左右出现潜热通量的最大值43 W·m-2,06:00时出现日最低值－1 W·m-2。  相似文献   

Autoregressive filtering versus linear detrending in estimation of fluxes by the eddy covariance method   总被引：10，自引：7，他引：3  

Üllar Rannik  Timo Vesala 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1999,91(2):259-280

The application of autoregressive running mean filtering (RMF) and linear detrending (LDT) in the estimation of turbulent fluxes by the eddy covariance method is analysed. The systematic, as well as the random, errors of the fluxes arising from filtering and/or limited observation time effects are described. To observe negligible systematic errors in fluxes, the RMF has to be applied with moderately long time constants. However, the obtained flux values are subject to increased random errors during periods of non-stationarity and the method leads to systematic overestimation of variances. These shortcomings are not inherent in the LDT approach, which is recommended for use. But the systematic errors of fluxes due to LDT are not negligible under certain experimental conditions and have to be accounted for. The corrections are important because the relatively small errors in short-period fluxes can translate to significant errors in long-period averages. The corrections depend on the turbulence time scales, which should be preferably estimated as ensemble mean variables for a particular site.  相似文献   

Eddies and Tropical Instability Waves in the eastern tropical Pacific: A review   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Cynthia S. Willett  Robert R. Leben  Miguel F. Lavín 《Progress in Oceanography》2006,69(2-4):218

Mesoscale eddies and tropical instability waves in the eastern tropical Pacific, first revealed by satellite infrared imagery, play an important role in the dynamics and biology of the region, and in the transfer of mass, energy, heat, and biological constituents from the shelf to the deep ocean and across the equatorial currents.From boreal late autumn to early spring, four to 18 cyclonic or anticyclonic eddies are formed off the coastal region between southern Mexico and Panama. The anticyclonic gyres, which tend to be larger and last longer than the cyclonic ones, are the best studied: they typically are 180–500 km in diameter, depress the pycnocline from 60 to 145 m at the eddy center, have swirl speeds in excess of 1 m s⁻¹, migrate west at velocities ranging from 11 to 19 cm s⁻¹ (with a slight southward component), and maintain a height signature of up to 30 cm. The primary generating agents for these eddies are the strong, intermittent wind jets that blow across the isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico, the lake district in Nicaragua and Costa Rica, and the Panama canal. Other proposed eddy-generating mechanisms are the conservation of vorticity as the North Equatorial Counter Current (NECC) turns north on reaching America, and the instability of coastally trapped waves/currents.Tropical Instability Waves (TIWs) are perturbations in the SST fronts on either side of the equatorial cold tongue. They produce SST variations on the order of 1–2 °C, have periods of 20–40 days, wavelengths of 1000–2000 km, phase speeds of around 0.5 m s⁻¹ and propagate westward both north and south of the Equator. The Tropical Instability Vortices (TIVs) are a train of westward-propagating anticyclonic eddies associated with the TIWs. They exhibit eddy currents exceeding 1.3 m s⁻¹, a westward phase propagation speed between 30 and 40 km d⁻¹, a signature above the pycnocline, and eastward energy propagation. Like the TIWs, they result from the latitudinal barotropically unstable shear between the South Equatorial Current (SEC) and the NECC with a potential secondary source of energy from baroclinic instability of the vertical shear with the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC).This review of mesoscale processes is part of a comprehensive review of the oceanography of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.  相似文献   

涡旋系统运动可预报性的一种简单动力学分析     

肖天贵 《成都信息工程学院学报》1997,(1)

运用简单的动力学方程，考察了旋转运动和辐合运动的初值问题，由此探讨了天气系统（尤其是涡旋系统）运动的可预报时限。对于天气尺度系统，确定性可预报时限约２～５天；对于１０７ｍ量级天气系统，可预报时限约１０多天；对于中小尺度天气系统，可预报时限约１天。其结果同Ｓｍａｇｏｒｉｎｓｋｙ等、Ｆｒａｅｄｒｉｃｈ等的结论基本一致。讨论还发现，在不同外部参数条件下，涡旋运动可预报性是有差异的  相似文献