陕西省城市竞争力及其通达性比较研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

李九全 《地理科学》2008,28(4):471-477

以陕西省的10个地级市:西安市、铜川市、宝鸡市、咸阳市、渭南市、汉中市、安康市、商洛市、榆林市和延安市为研究对象,选取了社会经济发展水平、人民生活水平、对外经济和联系及基础建设和交通四个方面共24项指标,运用SPSS16.0软件用主成分分析法研究城市竞争力,得到城市竞争力得分的情况,以最短距离原则选择距离指标、时间指标和通达性系数来衡量城市的通达性水平的高低,得到不同速度下通达性水平的空间格局,计算各城市以一定速度在1、2、3、4小时内能到达其他城市的数目,并对竞争力得分和通达性水平的特点进行分析,最后比较分析二者之间的联系。城市竞争力和通达性水平的空间格局基本一致,都是呈现以关中地区为中心的"核心-外围"的格局,核心即西安市和咸阳市,由核心向外围城市的竞争力水平和通达性水平逐步降低。通达性与竞争力水平二者相互促进,实现良性循环。  相似文献   

Flux and dispersion of gases from the “Drachenschlund” hydrothermal vent at 8°18' S, 13°30' W on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge     

Robin S. Keir  Oliver Schmale  Maren Walter  Jürgen Sültenfuß  Richard Seifert  Monika Rhein 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2008,270(3-4):338-348

Hydrothermal emission of mantle helium appears to be directly related to magma production rate, but other processes can generate methane and hydrogen on mid-ocean ridges. In an on-going effort to characterize these processes in the South Atlantic, the flux and distribution of these gases were investigated in the vicinity of a powerful black smoker recently discovered at 8°17.9' S, 13°30.4' W. The vent lies on the shoulder of an oblique offset in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and discharges high concentrations of methane and hydrogen. Measurements during expeditions in 2004 and 2006 show that the ratio of CH₄ to ³He in the neutrally buoyant plume is quite high, 4 × 10⁸. The CTD stations were accompanied by velocity measurements with lowered acoustic Doppler current profilers (LADCP), and from these data we estimate the methane transport to have been 0.5 mol s^− 1 in a WSW-trending plume that seems to develop during the ebb tidal phase. This transport is an order of magnitude greater than the source of CH₄ calculated from its concentration in the vent fluid and the rise height of the plume. From this range of methane fluxes, the source of ³He is estimated to be between 0.14 and 1.2 nmol s^− 1. In either case, the ³He source is significantly lower than expected from the spreading rate of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. From the inventory of methane in the rift valley adjacent to the vent, it appears that the average specific rate of oxidation is 2.6 to 23 yr^− 1, corresponding to a turnover time between 140 and 16 days. Vertical profiles of methane in the surrounding region often exhibited Gaussian-like distributions, and the variances appear to increase with distance from the vent. Using a Gaussian plume model, we obtained a range of vertical eddy diffusivities between 0.009 and 0.08 m²m² s^− 1. These high values may be due to tidally driven internal waves across the promontory on which the vent is located.  相似文献   

Controls on event runoff coefficients in the eastern Italian Alps   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Daniele Norbiato  Marco Borga  Ralf Merz  Günther Blschl  Alberto Carton 《Journal of Hydrology》2009,375(3-4):312-325

Analyses of event runoff coefficients provide essential insight on catchment response, particularly if a range of catchments and a range of events are compared by a single indicator. In this study we examine the effect of climate, geology, land use, flood types and initial soil moisture conditions on the distribution functions of the event runoff coefficients for a set of 14 mountainous catchments located in the eastern Italian Alps, ranging in size from 7.3 to 608.4 km². Runoff coefficients were computed from hourly precipitation, runoff data and estimates of snowmelt. A total of 535 events were analysed over the period 1989–2004. We classified each basin using a “permeability index” which was inferred from a geologic map and ranged from “low” to “high permeability”. A continuous soil moisture accounting model was applied to each catchment to classify ‘wet’ and ‘dry’ initial soil moisture conditions. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of runoff coefficients is highly correlated with mean annual precipitation, with the mean runoff coefficient increasing with mean annual precipitation. Geology, through the ‘permeability index’, is another important control on runoff coefficients for catchments with mean annual precipitation less than 1200 mm. Land use, as indexed by the SCS curve number, influences runoff coefficient distribution to a lesser degree. An analysis of the runoff coefficients by flood type indicates that runoff coefficients increase with event snowmelt. Results show that there exists an intermediate region of subsurface water storage capacity, as indexed by a flow–duration curve-based index, which maximises the impact of initial wetness conditions on the runoff coefficient. This means that the difference between runoff coefficients characterised by wet and dry initial conditions is negligible both for basins with very large storage capacity and for basins with small storage capacity. For basins with intermediate storage capacities, the impact of the initial wetness conditions may be relatively large.  相似文献   

基于等效Thomsen参数的P-SV波AVO属性研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

刘前坤  韩立国  廉玉广  王恩利 《地震工程学报》2008,30(3):214-220,305

在等效Thomsen各向异性参数的P-SV波反射系数近似公式基础上研究了反射系数的多种AVO(振幅随炮检距变化)属性特征,针对不同的属性特征构建了多属性AVO交绘图;并利用反射系数公式对三类含气砂岩AVO的特征进行分析.结果表明P-SV波反射系数公式可以有效的区分第三类含气砂岩;岩石的孔隙度、流体饱和度等信息是影响地震波AVO的重要因素.利用Gassmann方程进行了对上层为HTI介质,下层为孔隙储层的介质模型进行了流体替换计算,分析了孔隙度、含气饱和度和各向异性参数变化对地层AVO的影响.  相似文献   

井水温度微动态及其形成机制   总被引：14，自引：1，他引：13  

车用太  刘成龙  鱼金子 《地震》2008,28(4):20-28

介绍了我国地震地下水温度观测概况及已获得的微动态现象, 即水温固体潮、 水温同震效应、 水温前兆异常等, 并对其形成机理做了理论分析。 提出水温微动态形成机理研究应从二个地温梯度、 二个对流、 一个传导、 一个扩散等热系统与热过程去考虑。  相似文献   

云南年度危险区预测能力的统计分析     

付虹  刘丽芳  赵小艳  毛惠玲  李永莉 《地震》2008,28(4):68-79

通过对云南省地震局1989—2006年度地震趋势研究报告中年度预测水平、 危险区圈定和实际发生地震情况等统计分析, 结果显示云南地区每年发生2.8组M≥5地震, 3年发生2组M≥6地震, 发震的自然概率较高, 1989年以来年度地震活动水平预测为M≥6的对应率较高, 达到了56%。 危险区的预测不能用异常数量的多少来判定, 对于M≥6地震, 应用4级地震频度增长显著的区域和高水位异常区域等指标能更好的预测危险区。 5级地震在云南地区有的时候异常出现最多就是2～3个月就发震, 年度很难用异常判断级地震的危险区, 但5级地震也存在10年左右的主体活动地区迁移现象, 利用主体活动地区的特征可以提高5级地震发生区域的预测能力。 年度应重点跟踪M≥6地震, 由于云南地区6级以上地震发生前中小地震活动增长和前兆异常出现后, 对应地震的时间从几个月到3年不等, 但半年尺度前兆异常数量增加显著, 因此在看到地震活动增强后动态跟踪前兆的变化, 采用长、 中、 短、 临渐进式的预报方式, 仍然是目前提高地震预报效能最有效的途径。  相似文献   

GM4型磁通门磁力仪性能检验方法   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

王晓美  滕云田  王喜珍  王晨  吴琼 《地震地磁观测与研究》2008,29(6):88-94

目前,磁通门磁力仪广泛应用于观测地球磁场相对变化的仪器。相对于应用,仪器的性能测试不为人们所熟悉。本文针对GM4型磁通门磁力仪的噪声特性,频率特性,线性度,温度特性等关键性能指标的测试依据、测试方法及流程给予详细的阐述。  相似文献   

Water and nutrient fluxes off Northwest Africa     

Maria V. Pastor  Josep L. Pelegrí  Alonso Hernández-Guerra  Jordi Font  Jordi Salat  Mikhail Emelianov 《Continental Shelf Research》2008

A historical data set is used to describe the coastal transition zone off Northwest Africa during spring 1973 and fall 1975, from 17° to 26°N, with special emphasis on the interaction between subtropical (North Atlantic Central Waters) and tropical (South Atlantic Central Waters) gyres. The near-surface geostrophic circulation, relative to 300 m, is quite complex. Major features are a large cyclonic pattern north of Cape Blanc (21°N) and offshore flow at the Cape Verde front. The large cyclone occurs in the region of most intense winds, and resembles a large meander of the baroclinic southward upwelling jet. The Cape Verde frontal system displays substantial interleaving that may partly originate as mesoscale features at the coastal upwelling front. Property–property diagrams show that the front is an effective barrier to all properties except temperature. The analysis of the Turner angle suggests that the frontal system is characterized by large heat horizontal diffusion as a result of intense double diffusion, which results in the smoothing of the temperature horizontal gradients. Nine cross-shore sections are used to calculate along-shore geostrophic water-mass and nutrient transports and to infer exchanges between the coastal transition zone and the deep ocean (import: deep ocean to transition zone; export: transition zone to deep ocean). These exchanges compare well with mean wind-induced transports and actual geostrophic cross-shore transport estimates. The region is divided into three areas: southern (18–21°N), central (21–23.5°N), and northern (23.5–26°N). In the northern area geostrophic import is roughly compensated with wind-induced export during both seasons. In the central area geostrophic import is greater than wind-induced export during spring, resulting in net import of both water (0.8 Sv) and nitrate (14 kmol s⁻¹), but during fall both factors again roughly cancel. In the southern area geostrophy and wind join to export water and nutrients during both seasons, they increase from 0.6 Sv and 3 kmol s⁻¹ during fall to 2.9 Sv and 53 kmol s⁻¹ during spring.  相似文献   

Using amphibole phenocrysts to track vapor transfer during magma crystallization and transport: An example from Mount St. Helens,Washington     

M.C. Rowe  A.J.R. Kent  C.R. Thornber 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2008

In order to evaluate and further constrain models for volatile movement and vapor enrichment of magma stored at shallow levels, amphibole phenocrysts from 2004–2005 Mount St. Helens dacite were analyzed for major and selected trace elements (Li, Cu, Zn, Mn, and REE) and Li isotopes. Several recent studies have examined fluid-mobile trace element abundances in phencryst phases and melt inclusions as a means of tracking volatile movement within subvolcanic magmatic systems, and high Li contents in plagioclase phenocrysts from 1980 and 2004 Mount St. Helens dacites have been interpreted as evidence that shallow magma was fluxed by a Li-bearing vapor phase prior to eruption.  相似文献   

Diffusive dehydration and bubble resorption during open-system degassing of rhyolitic melts     

Shumpei Yoshimura  Michihiko Nakamura 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2008

Degassing through open paths such as bubble and/or fracture networks is considered to be the principal mode of degassing in silicic magmas. However, its detailed mechanisms remain unclear. To investigate the behavior of bubbles in a hypothetical open-system condition, we performed a series of vesiculation experiments on natural rhyolitic obsidian using a newly designed semipermeable cell, which artificially maintains a pressure difference between its inside and outside. The thick-wall cell maintains a constant volume within the sample chamber, while allowing water vapor to escape the cell during the experimental runs. The cells containing obsidian cores with ca. 0.66 wt.% initial water content were externally heated to 1000 °C for a period of 1–288 h. The run charges generally showed a zonal structure composed of two contrasting regions: a central region within which the bubbles were concentrated (bubble-rich core, BC) and a bubble-free melt region surrounding the BC (bubble-free margin, BFM). With increased heating duration, the thickness of the BFM increased via dissolution of the outermost bubbles in the BC. The water content was nearly uniform throughout the BC, whereas an outward-decreasing gradient was observed in the BFM. We found that diffusive dehydration occurred from the sample surface, and the bubbles were resorbed into the melt. Thus, the BFM–BC boundary moved inwards. These processes were modelled numerically, and the calculation results were in good agreement with the experimental data. If a “lifetime” of open paths is approximated as the relaxation time of a melt in a shallow volcanic environment, then the paths have to be pinched off quickly (1.2 h at maximum pressure difference between the open path and the melt) and thus the thickness of the bubble-free layer reaches at most ~ 0.1 mm. For the formation of bubble-free obsidian layers with a width of a few millimeters, which are often observed in natural obsidian flows, open paths should be maintained for at least a few hundred hours.  相似文献