Deep underwater seismic explosion experiments and their possible ecological impact - The case of Lake Arenguade - Central Ethiopian highlands     

Misgina Belachew GirmaDemeke Kifle  Habte Jebessa 《Limnologica》2012,42(3):212-219

The study was conducted in Lake Arenguade (Lake Haro Hadho) from 2008 to 2009 and results were compared with previous studies conducted by different authors since the 1960s. The study included the chemistry and chlorophyll-a biomass in micrograms per liter (μg L⁻¹). Results showed that chlorophyll-a biomass dramatically decreased since the 1960s. Previous studies indicated that the phytoplankton community of Lake Arenguade was dominated by a single cyanobacterium species, Arthrospira fusiformis (Voronichin) Komárek et Lund (syn. Spirulina fusiformis Voronichin) while the present study showed co-dominance of the lake's phytoplankton by another cyanobacterium species, Anabaenopsis elenkinii Miller. The trend shows that A. fusiformis is on the verge of disappearance from Lake Arenguade. While other factors can be responsible for such a change, the contribution of underwater seismological detonation experiments carried out repeatedly cannot be ruled out. Based on the results, recommendations were forwarded for possible full-fledged environmental impact assessment of explosion experiments in Lake Arenguade; and other lakes in which similar explosion experiments were carried out.  相似文献   

Relict chromian spinels in Tulu Dimtu serpentinites and listvenite,Western Ethiopia: implications for the timing of listvenite formation     

Ayano Sofiya  Akira Ishiwatari  Naoto Hirano  Tatsuki Tsujimori 《International Geology Review》2017,59(13):1621-1631

Serpentinites (massive and schistose) and listvenite occur as tectonic sheets and lenses within a calcareous metasedimentary mélange of the Tulu Dimtu, western Ethiopia. The massive serpentinite contains high-magnesian metamorphic olivine (forsterite [fo] ~96 mol%) and rare relict primary mantle olivine (Fo_90–93). Both massive and schistose serpentinites contain zoned chromian spinel; the cores with the ferritchromite rims preserve a pristine Cr/(Cr+Al) atomic ratio (Cr# = 0.79–0.87), suggesting a highly depleted residual mantle peridotite, likely formed in a suprasubduction zone setting. Listvenite associated with serpentinites of smaller ultramafic lenses also contain relict chromian spinel having identical Cr# to those observed in serpentinites. However, the relict chromian spinel in listvenite has significantly higher Mg/(Mg+Fe²⁺) atomic ratios. This suggests that a nearly complete metasomatic replacement of ultramafic rocks by magnesite, talc, and quartz to prevent Mg–Fe²⁺ redistribution between relict chromian spinel and the host, that is, listvenite formation, took place prior to re-equilibration between chromian spinel and the surrounding mafic minerals in serpentinites. Considering together with the regional geological context, low-temperature CO₂-rich hydrothermal fluids would have infiltrated into ultramafic rocks from host calcareous sedimentary rocks at a shallow level of accretionary prism before a continental collision to form the East African Orogen (EAO).  相似文献   

Diatom-derived palaeoconductivity estimates for Lake Awassa, Ethiopia: evidence for pulsed inflows of saline groundwater   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

Richard J. Telford  Henry F. Lamb  Mohammed Umer Mohammed 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1999,21(4):409-422

A 6,500-year diatom stratigraphy has been used to infer hydrochemical changes in Lake Awassa, a topographically closed oligosaline lake in the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Conductivity was high from ~6400-6200 BP, and from 5200-4000 BP, with two brief episodes of lower conductivity during the latter period. Although the timing of the conductivity changes is similar to the timing of lake-level change in the nearby Zwai-Shalla basin, their directions are the reverse of that expected from a climatic cause. Dissolution of the tephras which precede both phases of high conductivity cannot explain the increases in salinity, because rhyolitic tephras are only sparingly soluble. Instead, the pulsed input of groundwater made saline by the reaction of silicate minerals and volcanic glass with carbonic acid, formed from the solution of carbon dioxide degassed from magma under the Awassa Caldera, is suggested as a plausible mechanism for the observed change in lake chemistry. Diatom-inferred hydrochemistry cannot therefore be used to reconstruct climate change in Lake Awassa.  相似文献   

Hydrological modelling uncertainty analysis for different flow quantiles: a case study in two hydro-geographically different watersheds   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

Getachew Tegegne  Young-Oh Kim  Seung Beom Seo  Youngil Kim 《水文科学杂志》2019,64(4):473-489

This study focuses on analysis of hydrological model parameter uncertainty at varying sub-basin spatial scales. It was found that the variation in sub-basin spatial scale had little influence on the entire flow simulations. However, the different sub-basin spatial scales had a significant impact on the reproduction of the flow quantiles. The coarser sub-basin spatial scale provided a better coverage of most prediction uncertainty in observations. However, the finer sub-basin spatial scale produced the best single simulation output closer to the observations. In general, the optimal sub-basin spatial scales (ratio to the entire watershed size) in the two test watersheds were found to be in the ranges 14–19% and 2–4% for good simulation of high and low flows, respectively. It is therefore worthwhile to put more effort into reproducing different flow quantiles by investigating an appropriate sub-basin spatial scale.  相似文献   

Germination ofAcacia origena,A. pilispinaandPterolobium stellatumin response to different pre-sowing seed treatments, temperature and light     

Demel Teketay 《Journal of Arid Environments》1998,38(4):551-560

Seeds ofAcacia origena,A. pilispinaandPterolobium stellatumhave a hard seed coat that hampers imbibition of water and prevents maximum, uniform and rapid germination. Therefore, the seeds were subjected to different treatments involving mechanical scarification, concentrated sulphuric acid and boiling water to break the dormancy imposed by the hard seed coat. To determine the effects of different constant temperature regimes on germination, scarified seeds were incubated on a thermogradient at 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30°C. Germination of scarified seeds was also tested in light and dark. Mechanical scarification resulted in 100% germination for theAcaciaspecies and 94% forP. stellatum. ForA. origena, sulphuric acid treatments for 60, 90 and 120 min resulted in significantly higher per cent germination (>95%) than all the other treatments. ForA. pilispina, sulphuric acid treatments for 45 and 60 min, as well as immersing seeds for 1 min in hot water, gave significantly higher per cent germination (97%) than all the other treatments. ForP. stellatum, mechanical scarification and all the acid treatments applied resulted in significantly higher per cent germination (>85%) than the control and all hot water treatments. All seeds ofP. stellatumimmersed in hot water, even for 1 min, rotted soon after sowing, indicating that they are sensitive to high temperatures. Scarified seeds of the twoAcaciaspecies germinated to a higher degree (≥90%) between 10 and 30°C, while germination of scarified seeds ofP. stellatumranged from 48 to 82% between 10 and 30°C. Scarified seeds of the three species germinated to a large extent (>70%) both in light and dark, indicating that seeds do not require light for germination.  相似文献   

埃塞俄比亚染色欧泊的研究     

于方  范桂珍  翁诗甫  刘岩  孙淼  徐玉杰 《岩石矿物学杂志》2014,33(S2):123-139

目前,埃塞俄比亚染色欧泊在我国市场上屡见不鲜.本文采用常规宝石学测试手段、光谱分析、吸水实验、浸泡褪色实验和浸泡染色实验等方法对市场上常见的3种颜色的埃塞俄比亚染色欧泊进行了研究.结果表明,这些埃塞俄比亚染色欧泊主要通过浸泡于不同颜色的化学颜料溶液中上色,浸泡过程中往往添加含有羧酸根离子的表面活性剂或颜料超分散剂(如邻苯二甲酸酯),以使颜料颗粒分布更加均匀,这主要是由于埃塞俄比亚欧泊的孔隙度相对较大,对染料的吸附性相对较强.这些埃塞俄比亚染色欧泊的主要特征如下: ① 亚透明至微透明,染橙色和染蓝色样品具有弱至强的变彩,染黑色样品体色以灰蓝色或黄灰色为主,具有强烈的红色、黄色、绿色和蓝色变彩;透射光下照射,染黑色欧泊具有强至弱的红色调以及明显的染剂不均匀富集现象. ② 埃塞俄比亚染色欧泊和其天然欧泊一样吸水性强,吸水后密度、质量均有所增加,透明度增强,变彩可能会有所增强,也可能会有所减弱,染色欧泊密度范围为1.63～1.86 g/cm³,折射率在1.40(点测)左右,与天然欧泊一致,均低于澳大利亚和墨西哥的欧泊. ③ 在高倍显微镜下观察,染色样品颜色分布不均,内部常见色点、色斑、色块或色团分布,在表面部位染剂富集现象更为明显,常见染剂沿着边缘、刮痕或凹坑处富集. ④ 染色欧泊浸泡在不同的溶剂中会使溶剂变色. ⑤ 拉曼光谱表明,染色欧泊出现了很强的荧光背景及弱的热效应峰3 362 cm^-1,拉曼散射峰很弱. ⑥ 紫外可见光分光光谱表明,埃塞俄比亚染色欧泊与天然欧泊的吸收光谱不同.  相似文献   

A high‐resolution multi‐proxy stalagmite record from Mechara,Southeastern Ethiopia: palaeohydrological implications for speleothem palaeoclimate reconstruction     

Asfawossen Asrat  Andy Baker  Mohammed Umer Mohammed  Melanie J. Leng  Peter Van Calsteren  Claire Smith 《第四纪科学杂志》2007,22(1):53-63

An annually laminated stalagmite from Southeastern Ethiopia grew for 443±8 yr starting at 5023 yr BP (±160 yr) as determined by lamina‐tuned U‐Th dating. The speleothem shows three growth phases: (1) an initial phase where the stalagmite has a candlestick shape, deposited by relatively slow rate drip water; (2) a middle growth phase where laminae grow on the flanks, suggesting faster drip rates; and (3) a final growth phase where the speleothem becomes narrower owing to a decrease in drip water supply towards the end of deposition. Morphometry, annual growth rate, fluorescence index, and ²³⁴U/²³⁸U isotope ratio show marked differences between the growth phases, while δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O do not show significant variation, except within the third phase towards the top of the stalagmite, where they have higher values. The study indicates that the multiproxy approach is crucial as the different proxies respond to single climate forcing in different manners. Our results can be widely applied to speleothem studies distinguishing the relative importance of the various proxies in recording cave ‘external’ (climate, hydrology) and cave ‘internal’ (e.g. evaporation) processes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Climate adaptation and development: Contradictions for human security in Gambella,Ethiopia     

《Global Environmental Change》2014

It is clear that we need a climate adaptation policy agenda that is sensitive to the special political, social, and ecological circumstances of highly vulnerable regions, most of which are located in the African Sahel. While the existing literature on climate variability and climate change makes important theoretical contributions on development, vulnerability, and adaptation more broadly, with few exceptions it has not acknowledged that contradictions arise in addressing insecurities via the implementation of development, vulnerability reduction, and adaptation programs. An empirical assessment of how such contradictions are both driven by and negotiated in such programs is particularly useful if we are to design a more robust and grounded adaptation agenda. In this article, we focus on the paradigmatic case of Gambella in Ethiopia, a region that lies near the bottom of many development indices, but has also been the site for recent efforts to reduce climate vulnerability through village and agricultural modernization programs. Drawing on recent research in the region and on these programs, we demonstrate how the politics of development and adaptation lead to differential and contradictory impacts on four arenas of human security (a) elements of water security, (b) temporal aspects of water security and livelihoods security, (c) personal, state and community security, and (d) differentiated geographies economic security which privilege the national and international scale. The result of this complex political economy is that responses have served to increase rather than decrease tensions in the region.  相似文献   

Temporal and spatial variability of annual and seasonal rainfall over Ethiopia     

Negash Wagesho  N.K. Goel  M.K. Jain 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(2):354-373

Abstract

Characterization of the seasonal and inter-annual spatial and temporal variability of rainfall in a changing climate is vital to assess climate-induced changes and suggest adequate future water resources management strategies. Trends in annual, seasonal and maximum 30-day extreme rainfall over Ethiopia are investigated using 0.5° latitude?×?0.5° longitude gridded monthly precipitation data. The spatial coherence of annual rainfall among contiguous rainfall grid points is also assessed for possible spatial similarity across the country. The correlation between temporally coinciding North Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) index and annual rainfall variability is examined to understand the underlying coherence. In total 381 precipitation grid points covering the whole of Ethiopia with five decades (1951–2000) of precipitation data are analysed using the Mann-Kendall test and Moran spatial autocorrelation method. Summer (July–September) seasonal and annual rainfall data exhibit significant decreasing trends in northern, northwestern and western parts of the country, whereas a few grid points in eastern areas show increasing annual rainfall trends. Most other parts of the country exhibit statistically insignificant trends. Regions with high annual and seasonal rainfall distribution exhibit high temporal and spatial correlation indices. Finally, the country is sub-divided into four zones based on annual rainfall similarity. The association of the AMO index with annual rainfall is modestly good for northern and northeastern parts of the country; however, it is weak over the southern region.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor S. Uhlenbrook

Citation Wagesho, N., Goel, N.K., and Jain, M.K. 2013. Temporal and spatial variability of annual and seasonal rainfall over Ethiopia. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (2), 354–373.  相似文献   

埃塞俄比亚地质特征与矿产概况   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

高长亮  党万民  田绍喜  亓希强  彭文泉  陈永昊 《山东国土资源》2010,26(11)

通过对埃塞俄比亚地层、构造、岩浆岩及矿产分布与特征的研究,初步认为:①埃塞俄比亚的地质研究程度普遍偏低,尤其基础地质及其成矿作用和成矿规律方面急需开展重点研究。②地层单元可划分为3类,分别为前寒武纪基底岩系、晚古生代—中生代沉积岩系和第三纪—第四纪火山岩沉积岩系,大地构造位于"泛非构造带"中的东非造山带,多期次构造岩浆活动强烈。③前寒武纪变质岩区主要矿产为金、铂、稀有金属、镍、铜、铁、铬、高岭土、长石、黏土、石棉、滑石、大理岩、花岗岩等;中生代沉积岩区主要有石灰岩、砂岩、石膏、黏土、油气资源等;新生代火山岩沉积岩区主要有褐煤、蛋白石、油页岩、红土型铁矿、斑脱土、黏土矿、珍珠岩、硅藻土、钾盐、石盐、油气及地热资源等。  相似文献