Micropaleontological evidence for redox changes in the OAE3 interval of the US Western Interior: Global vs. local processes     

《Cretaceous Research》2017

The Coniacian-Santonian interval has been proposed as the youngest of the Cretaceous ocean anoxic events (OAE3), but this designation has long been debated. OAE3 is associated with a long-lasting (∼3 myr) succession of black shales from the central and South Atlantic, Caribbean region, and the North American Western Interior; in the Western Interior it is characterized by an abrupt increase in total organic carbon (TOC) and corresponding trace metal indicators for anoxia. However, the modern concept of OAEs is predicated on detection of global carbon cycle perturbations as recorded by substantial carbon isotope excursions (CIE), and the protracted Coniacian-Santonian black shale interval does not have a large CIE. A more conservative definition of OAE3 might limit the event to the modest positive carbon isotope excursion restricted to the upper Coniacian Scaphites depressus Ammonite Zone. Trace metal proxies suggest that oxygen levels abruptly declined prior to the onset of this CIE in the Western Interior Sea (WIS), but it is unknown whether regional anoxic conditions were confined to sediments/pore waters, or how anoxia may have affected the biota. In an effort to characterize the oxygenation history of the WIS and to better understand the nature of the hypothesized OAE3, we present micropaleontological evidence of declining oxygen in bottom waters prior to the event using benthic foraminifera, which are sensitive to dissolved oxygen. Changes in benthic foraminiferal abundances suggest a decline in oxygen at least 1-myr prior to the CIE (including a nadir immediately below the start of the excursion), improving bottom water oxygen during the CIE, and re-establishment of persistent anoxia following the isotope excursion. Anoxia endured for nearly 3 myr in the central seaway, showing some signs of recovery toward the top of the Niobrara Formation. Our findings suggest that declining oxygen concentrations in the seaway eventually reached a tipping point, after which dissolved oxygen quickly dropped to zero.The late Coniacian CIE is an exception to the trend of declining oxygen in the WIS, and part of a larger pattern in the oxygenation history of the Niobrara Formation which suggests that it does not adhere to standard black shale models. Transgressive periods, including the Fort Hays Limestone and the lower limestone unit of the Smoky Hill Shale (which corresponds to the CIE) are relatively oxic, while periods of highstand (i.e., most of the Smoky Hill) correspond to deteriorating oxygen conditions. This contrasts with the standard black shale model for sea level and oxygen, where transgressions typically correlate with maximum TOC enrichment, interpreted to result from both sediment condensation and oxygen deficiency. The association of global carbon burial/anoxia (as indicated by carbon isotopes) with a regional increase in oxygen and decrease in organic matter preservation is reminiscent of the Cenomanian-Turonian Greenhorn Limestone, which contains OAE2. In both cases, the facies are not typical black shales, but instead have appreciable carbonate content. Western Interior redox trends support the rejection of the original concept of a protracted Coniacian-Santonian OAE3 because it is not a distinct “event.” Increasing local oxygen during the late Coniacian CIE also argues against a narrower OAE designation for this event, because the excursion can't be tied to anoxia here or anywhere else it has been described. Nevertheless, the Late Coniacian Event (as we prefer to call this CIE) still represents an important perturbation of the global carbon cycle. This is emblematic of the shift away from widespread, discrete anoxic events during the ongoing paleoceanographic reorganization of the Late Cretaceous, even as large carbon cycle perturbations continued.  相似文献   

川西北地区上三叠统卡尼阶古喀斯特的发现及研究意义     

杜怡星  时志强 《沉积学报》2017,35(3):460-469

在川西北地区绵竹汉旺、安县雎水剖面上三叠统卡尼阶海绵礁（丘）灰岩顶部发现古喀斯特;野外露头可见明显的花斑状构造以及蜂窝状溶孔,显微镜下可见泥晶化颗粒,喀斯特角砾以及喀斯特溶孔充填物,其中包括泥-亮晶方解石,生物碎屑以及陆源石英颗粒;根据露头岩性和显微薄片特征判断其属于早成岩期喀斯特;喀斯特成单层发育,之上覆盖化石丰富的黄色或黑色页岩,其中的菊石化石鉴定表明其为上卡尼阶底部沉积。该喀斯特是重要的等时界面,且可作为该地区上下卡尼阶的界线。喀斯特之上的岩性在汉旺和雎水有差异:在绵竹汉旺青岩沟剖面,喀斯特灰岩之上覆盖有黑色粉砂质页岩与生屑灰岩（如层状海绵灰岩、海百合灰岩）,在汉旺观音崖剖面,喀斯特面之上发育海绵丘灰岩及页岩,在安县雎水剖面,古喀斯特发育在滚落的海绵巨砾之上。综合研究表明,喀斯特的形成与早期龙门山的隆升以及卡尼期湿润气候事件在发生时间上非常相近,推测其成因与龙门山的隆升以及卡尼期湿润气候事件有关。  相似文献   

地震事件自动判断方法研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

曲均浩  刘希强  石玉燕  吴丹彤  苗庆杰 《地震工程学报》2010,32(4):325-329

地震事件的自动判断是自动定位系统中至关重要的部分。本文结合数字波形特征的实际模型,提出了一套符合计算机化运行模式的新方法。对波形进行预处理后采用传统STA/LTA方法、波形延续性、台站集中性三者相结合的判断方法,有效的排除了干扰台站,保证了地震事件自动判断的准确性,并在实际运行过程中得到很好的验证。  相似文献   

鄂尔多斯盆地延长期富烃坳陷形成的动力学环境与构造属性   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

刘池洋  王建强  邱欣卫  张东东  赵俊峰  赵红格  邓煜 《岩石学报》2020,36(6):1913-1930

鄂尔多斯盆地丰富的石油资源来自盆地南部中晚三叠世延长期富烃坳陷,其中贡献最大的长7段页状优质烃源岩以富铀、夹多层凝灰岩为特征。延长期大型富烃坳陷具南深北浅的坳陷型结构,内部接受统一的湖相沉积。在富烃坳陷的深湖-较深湖区,为优质烃源岩发育区;亦为烃源岩中较高铀含量(测井高伽马异常)和凝灰岩夹层较厚分布区,在位置上三位一体、彼此交互叠置。盆地上古生界-中侏罗统多层系高热演化区上下同位,早-中侏罗世多期持续沉降区先后叠置,均位于延长期富烃坳陷范围内。综合调查研究揭示,在延长期,特别是长7段沉积期间,各类深部物质上拱挤入构造(如砂岩墙(脉)、泥岩脊和热液碳酸盐岩结核)、同沉积变形构造(如断裂、褶皱、揉皱、滑塌、滑坡等(软)地层变形)和事件沉积(如浊流沉积、震积岩及湖底扇等)发育,主要分布在富烃坳陷深湖-较深湖区。在烃源岩等地层中,检测出多种指示深部热流体活动的岩石矿物和地球化学异常。深部探测显示,在富烃坳陷深部400km以上壳幔各界面呈上拱的结构特征。这表明延长期富烃坳陷和其中优质烃源岩是在构造活动明显、深部作用活跃的地球动力学环境中形成演化的,从深层次揭示了其形成条件与发育环境。延长期富烃坳陷与印支期秦岭造山带的形成演化及其岩浆活动,在空间上相邻、发育时限相当、演化阶段响应、活动兴衰同步,是在华北-扬子两大陆块汇聚碰撞,进而向板内构造环境转换的动力学环境中进行的。延长期富烃坳陷两次较长距离的沉积-沉降中心迁移,是对秦岭碰撞造山环境重大变革始发的响应和纪录。在南北两大陆汇聚碰撞过程中,在仰冲华北板块后陆地带深部积聚的巨量俯冲物质发生熔融和热量转换,促使该区深部物质过饱和聚集、热能及压力超常骤增,形成较小尺度地幔对流,熔融物质与热能上拱,引发地壳表浅层拱张破裂和侧向扩展,于是发生沉降,形成延长期具热-张性特性的富烃坳陷,称其为后陆盆地。后陆盆地与前陆盆地分别位于碰撞造山带两侧仰冲和俯冲板块临山一侧,但其构造属性有质的不同,油气赋存和成藏特征也差别较大。  相似文献   

贵州震旦系陡山沱组磷块岩成磷作用及与新元古代末期氧化事件(NOE)的耦合^*     

张亚冠  杜远生  刘建中  王泽鹏  邓超 《古地理学报》2020,22(5):893-912

新元古代末期历经“雪球地球”和大气、海洋增氧事件后,发生了全球性成磷事件,贵州省震旦系陡山沱组大规模磷矿床沉积是本次成磷事件的典型代表。然而现阶段对贵州陡山沱组磷块岩成磷作用机制研究存在诸多争议,成磷事件与同期古海洋环境转变之间的关联研究也较为薄弱。作者以贵州省瓮安、遵义和丹寨地区陡山沱组原生磷块岩为研究对象开展的沉积学、岩石学、矿物学和地球化学特征研究表明: 陡山沱早期成磷作用被限制在浅水海岸,瓮安地区A矿层球粒磷块岩中大量的含铁自生矿物黄铁矿、海绿石以及无Ce负异常指示的贫氧沉积水体环境均表明,Fe-氧化还原泵成磷模式在富磷过程中发挥了重要作用;陡山沱晚期磷块岩分布扩散至较深水陆棚—斜坡沉积相区,磷块岩与富有机质岩层共生,矿物晶体形态特征与矿石内富含的大量生物化石均表明,有机质沉降聚磷作用和生物成磷作用促使磷块岩大量沉积,较明显的Ce负异常值也指示了海水氧气含量的提升。成磷作用模式的转变和磷块岩分布的扩展是对海洋增氧事件的沉积响应,同时造成的多细胞动物演化也影响了深部水体的氧化还原状态,进而反映了贵州省陡山沱组磷块岩大规模沉积与新元古代末期氧化事件(NOE)密切的耦合关系。  相似文献   

Abflußereignisse,eine skalenabhängige multiple Antwort von Einzugsgebieten auf Niederschläge     

W. Symader  R. Bierl  F. Gasparini 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1999,27(2):87-93

Flood Events, a Multiple Basin Response to Precipitation Events at Different Scales Results in the small catchment of the Kartelbornsbach have shown that summer events lead to typical types of flood waves that can be classified according to their response patterns. Differences to this pattern are due to the precipitation amount and duration and in some times to the pre-event moisture of the soil. The results show further that the Kartelbornsbach catchment can be considered as a block system where spatial differences are responsible for the basic pattern of the reaction but not for differences between flood events. Small catchments are excellent tools for relatively inexpensive hydrological and hydrochemical research on streamflow generation mechanisms. With increasing size of the basin the response becomes less clear, because the spatial distribution of rainfall and the distance of delivering areas from the sampling station mask or modify the type of response. Although the main flow components may not change, there is a considerable shift in the composition of water quality, because the increase of travel time does not affect all flow components at the same rate.  相似文献   

广西香田弗拉斯-法门阶界线事件标志——碳、氧稳定同位素异常特征          下载免费PDF全文

严正  侯鸿飞 《地质科学》1993,28(2):135-144

本文对广西香田晚泥盆世弗拉斯-法门阶界线剖面进行了系统的碳、氧稳定同位素研究。发现随着弗拉斯-法门期之交的生物大量死亡和绝灭,在弗拉斯-法门阶界线层中,碳、氧稳定同位素组成出现了明显的异常。这和白垩—第三系界线灾变事件中出现的异常颇为相似。碳同位素异常达-6.6‰左右,氧同位素出现正异常达2‰。此外,在界线层中出现铱异常为230×10^-12g/g。这些表明,上述同位素地球化学异常是地球历史中生物绝灭灾变事件的重要标志。  相似文献   

Early Carnian anoxic event as recorded in the southern Tethyan margin,Tunisia: an overview     

《International Geology Review》2012,54(15):1884-1905

Considerable attention has been given to the Carnian (Late Triassic) Pluvial and Reingraben events associated with organic-rich shale accumulation in the Germanic basin, Alps, southern Appenines as well as in northwestern Tethyan margins. Less interest has been shown to the southern Tethyan portion represented by the northern margin of Africa, including Tunisia. Tunisian basins represented by the Tellian domain, Tunisian trough, the ‘Dorsale’, and the North–South Axis (NOSA) belong to the southern Tethyan margin, where northern and central areas record the early Carnian anoxic event within an extensive carbonate platform. This short-lived (~2 million year) period of anoxia ranges within the Aonoides to Austriacum ammonite zones, and corresponds in Tunisia generally to intermediate to shallow water environments marked by organic-rich black limestone, dolomite, and shale. Interestingly, toward the south, the dysaerobic conditions in the Jeffara–southern Dahar basin appear to have prevailed locally also in the early Carnian. Here we review evidence of early Carnian anoxia in Tunisia based on the analysis of more than 17 Triassic sections and wireline logs from several petroleum exploration wells penetrating the black dolomites, limestones, and shales. In addition, biostratigraphic and complete geochemical reviews have been undertaken from published papers and unpublished internal reports to better assess this important and promising hydrocarbon source interval.  相似文献   

The Relation between the 72 ka BP Event and the Toba Super-eruption     

《地球科学进展》2012,27(1)

72 ka BP左右的强降温事件是末次冰期最大的气候突变事件,且同时期发生了第四纪以来最强的火山喷发———Toba火山喷发,后者在此次强降温事件中扮演着什么角色一直是古气候学界研究的热点。对此进行深入的研究,有助于全面评价火山喷发的环境效应,进一步完善末次冰期突变事件的成因机制。系统回顾深海岩芯、极地冰芯、洞穴石笋、黄土、湖泊等古气候载体的研究成果,这些记录对72 ka BP左右的强降温事件和/或Toba火山喷发进行了不同程度的描述,并从不同的角度分析二者的关系。从72 ka BP左右的强降温事件和Toba火山喷发的时间上,以及火山喷发对气候变化影响的机理上看,Toba火山喷发确实对这次强降温事件产生了实质性影响。这个影响在格陵兰冰芯记录中表现得尤为明显,并得到了气候模拟的进一步支持。然而,部分低纬海洋记录研究表明,Toba火山喷发前后气候没有发生显著变化,至少低纬地区的气候不如高纬地区变化明显。古生物研究同时显示出Toba火山喷发并未对其生存环境产生灾难性的影响,由此可见,72 kaBP左右的强降温事件驱动机制及其对Toba火山喷发的响应程度尚存争议。今后的研究应重视提高气候记录分辨率和探测Toba火山喷发证据的研究,从解剖事件的内部结构特征入手,进而建立气候模式与火山效应之间的联系,以此来明确＂72 ka事件＂驱动机制及其对Toba火山喷发的响应关系。  相似文献   

事件地层单位的理论及实践——以中扬子台地震旦-寒武纪界线事件集群为例     

肖传桃  刘丰 《地球科学进展》2010,25(3):290-296

根据事件地层学的发展现状,首次提出了一套系统的事件地层单位,由小到大大致上为事件面、事件层、事件带、事件组合和事件集群,并界定了各事件地层单位的含义和特征。在此基础上,将该套事件地层理论应用于中扬子台地震旦—寒武系界线事件地层的研究,并划分出2个事件面即生物灭绝事件面和海泛事件面,1个事件层即粘土事件层,4个事件带即海平面下降事件带、浊流事件带以及海平面上升事件带和缺氧事件带,3个事件组合即海平面下降—浊流事件组合、外星撞击—生物灭绝事件组合和海平面上升—缺氧事件组合,共同构成了1个事件集群即震旦—寒武系界线事件集群。事件地层含油性分析表明,研究区海平面上升—缺氧事件组合是有利的烃源岩,海平面下降—浊流事件组合具有一定的储集意义。  相似文献