⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating of a Late Proterozoic palaeomagnetic pole for the Armorican Massif (France)     

G. Ruffet  H. Perroud  G. Féraud 《Geophysical Journal International》1990,102(2):397-409

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A ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar laser probe study of micas from the Sesia Zone, Italian Alps: implications for metamorphic and deformation histories     

S. M. REDDY  S. P. KELLEY  & J. WHEELER 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1996,14(4):493-508

Two samples from the Eclogite Micaschist Complex (EMC) and the Seconda Zona Diorito–Kinzigitica (IIDK) of the Sesia Zone have been studied using a high-spatial resolution laser probe ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar technique with the aim of investigating the complexities of argon behaviour in metamorphic rocks and comparing their thermal histories. Data from a single large phengite grain from the EMC show a range of ages from mid-Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous. These ‘apparent age’ variations are spatially related to both location within the grain and to intragrain microstructure. Modelling of the data shows that the profile formed by the diffusion of an excess argon component into the grain, parallel to the mica cleavage. Profile asymmetry is explained by temporal variations in microstructural development enabling excess argon to enter the grain at different times in different places. The temperatures of the initiation of deformation and the possible time-scales for the deformation can be calculated as a function of cooling rate. All estimates suggest deformation at greenschist facies, in accord with the observed retrograde mineral assemblage. Absolute temperature estimates for deformation vary by less than 22 °C for different cooling rates of 10 and 30 °C Ma^?1 but vary by 80 °C with different estimates of diffusion parameters. The duration of deformation was for at least 2 Ma at 10 °C Ma^?1 or 0.7 Ma at 30 °C Ma^?1. Biotites from the IIDK sample record a Permian to Upper Cretaceous age range that correlates with grain size, the smallest grain sizes yielding the youngest ages. This relationship is best explained by a partial resetting of biotites during an Alpine thermal event initiated not more than 70 Ma ago. Modelling of these data suggest that the sample never exceeded 300 °C during the Alpine. The profoundly different thermal histories of the two units—the EMC recrystallized at 550 °C whilst the IIDK remained below 300 °C—suggests that they may not have been juxtaposed until much later than the eclogite facies metamorphism.  相似文献   

Centrifuge model tests on liquefaction-induced settlement and pore water migration in non-homogeneous soil deposits     

《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2013

This paper presents the results of dynamic centrifuge model tests conducted to investigate the liquefaction mechanism in non-homogeneous soil deposits. Four types of model tests were conducted: one model test involved a uniform soil deposit; one involved continuous layered soil deposit; and two involved discontinuous layered soil deposits. Non-homogeneity in the tests was incorporated by including periodically distributed discontinuous silty sand patches. It was found that more excess pore water pressure (EPWP) remains for a longer period of time in the discontinuous region in non-homogeneous soil deposits compared with the continuous layered and uniform soil deposits. The generation of pore water pressure ceases the supply of a new mass of water after seismic excitation; therefore the dissipation of EPWP becomes the dominant factor for settlement after seismic excitation. The rapid dissipation of EPWP through the discontinuous part in the non-homogeneous soil deposits manifests as a larger settlement in the discontinuous part, causing non-uniform settlements.  相似文献   

Occurrence and significance of blueschist in the southern Lachlan Orogen     

C. V. Spaggiari  D. R. Gray  D. A. Foster  C. M. Fanning 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(2):255-269

Serpentinite/talc‐matrix mélanges, bearing blocks of blueschist metavolcanics, occur within the Heathcote and Governor Fault Zones of the southern Lachlan Orogen. In the Heathcote Fault Zone, serpentinite‐matrix mélange consists of blocks or small pods of boninite, andesite, ultramafic rocks, chert and volcanogenic sandstone variably metamorphosed to prehnite‐pumpellyite, greenschist, or greenschist to blueschist facies. In the Governor Fault Zone, blueschist metavolcanics occur as blocks within serpentinite/talc matrix that is interleaved with prehnite‐pumpellyite to greenschist facies, intermediate pressure slate and phyllite. Ar/Ar dating of white mica from slaty mud‐matrix (broken formation) indicates that the main fabric development occurred at 446 ± 2 Ma. U–Pb (SHRIMP) dating of titanite from blueschists in the Governor Fault Zone indicates that metamorphism occurred at approximately 450 Ma, close to the time of mélange formation. Previously published, Ar/Ar dating of white mica from phyllite and biotite from metadiorite in the Heathcote Fault Zone suggest that blueschist metamorphism occurred at a similar time. These ages are supported by field relationships. Illite crystallinity and b₀ data from white mica, and the preservation of blueschist blocks indicate that these fault zones maintained low temperatures both during and after intermediate‐ to high‐pressure metamorphism. Occurrences of blueschists in the Arthur Lineament of the Tyennan (Delamerian) Orogen in Tasmania, and in the New England Orogen, have different ages, and in conjunction with the occurrences described here, suggest that subduction‐accretion processes contributed significantly to the development of the Tasmanides from Cambrian through to Carboniferous times.  相似文献   

Alice Springs age shear zones from the southeastern Reynolds Range,central Australia     

I. Cartwright  I. S. Buick  D. A. Foster  D. D. Lambert 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(3):355-363

The southeast Reynolds Range, central Australia, is cut by steep northwest‐trending shear zones that are up to hundreds of metres wide and several kilometres long. Amphibolite‐facies shear zones cut metapelites, while greenschist‐facies shear zones cut metagranites. Rb–Sr and ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar data suggest that both sets of shear zones formed in the 400–300 Ma Alice Springs Orogeny, with the sheared granites yielding well‐constrained ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar ages of ca 334 Ma. These data imply that the shear zones represent a distinct tectonic episode in this terrain, and were not formed during cooling from the ca 1.6 Ga regional metamorphism. A general correlation between regional metamorphic grade and the grade of Alice Springs structures implies a similar distribution of heat sources for the two events. This may be most consistent with both phases of metamorphism being caused by the burial of anomalously radiogenic heat‐producing granites. The sheared rocks commonly have undergone metasomatism implying that the shear zones were conduits of fluid flow during Alice Springs times.  相似文献   

Lake Boga Granite,northwestern Victoria: mineralogy,geochemistry and geochronology     

S. J. Mills  W. D. Birch  R. Maas  D. Phillips  I. R. Plimer 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(3):281-299

The Devonian Lake Boga Granite in northern Victoria, while almost entirely under thin Murray Basin cover, is one of the largest plutons in the western Lachlan Fold Belt. Its only exposure is a quarry penetrating the Cenozoic sediments. In the quarry, prominent pod pegmatites and miarolitic cavities suggest a high level of emplacement. The granite, a non-magnetic, fractionated S-type, contains a large range of accessory minerals, including primary uranium- and REE-bearing phosphates and oxides, and primary copper sulfides. Monazite-series minerals show an exceptionally wide range of compositions, from normal monazite-(Ce) through cheralite (Ca – Th-rich) to rare huttonitic monazite (Th-rich) and brabantite; U contents in monazite also vary widely (0 – 7.9 wt%). Primary low-Ca uraninites are well preserved and are unusual in having low Th/U and LREE. Late-stage cavity fluorapatite crystals up to several centimetres across show intricate elemental zoning patterns with extreme U gradients (<10 – 6900 ppm) in some crystals. New ⁴⁰Ar – ³⁹Ar ages for magmatic biotite, muscovite and K-rich feldspar average 365 ± 3 Ma, which approximates the emplacement age of the granite. This is supported by a 377 ± 12 Ma U – Th – Pb (CHIME) age for primary uraninite. New whole-rock geochemical data support earlier observations: the granite is strongly fractionated (SiO₂ 70.7 – 76.0 wt%; 4.2 – 0.6 wt% FeO_t) and peraluminous (ASI = 1.23 – 1.45), and has slightly elevated Na₂O and P₂O₅ (0.30 wt%) contents compared with other fractionated S-type granites from the Lachlan Fold Belt. Trace-element abundances are typical of fractionated granites, although U and Cu concentrations vary strongly and reach >60 and ≈1400 ppm, respectively. REE patterns also vary strongly, from LREE-enriched with moderate Eu depletion, to flat with strong Eu depletion. The flattest of the REE patterns, in samples with FeO_total < 1%, are characterised by M-type tetrad effects. These and other samples also show low (subcrustal average) and variable Zr/Hf (35 – 16) and Nb/Ta (8 – 4) ratios; these and other unusual elemental fractionations are related to changes in elemental partitioning during the late magmatic stage, when felsic peraluminous magma and high-temperature magmatic fluid coexisted.  相似文献   

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长8油层组石油成藏机理及成藏模式     

楚美娟  李士祥  刘显阳  邓秀芹  郭正权 《沉积学报》2013,31(4):683-692

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长8油层组在不同地区其勘探成果和油藏规模存在明显的差异,为了分析其原因,对长8油层组油藏的油源、成藏期古物性特征、毛细管力、浮力和过剩压力等进行了研究,得出了过剩压力远大于毛细管力、源储压差能够克服相应储层的毛细管力从而运移成藏的认识。在此基础上,根据姬塬、陇东和陕北三个地区烃源岩和储层发育特征、物性及运移通道的特征,构建了三种不同的成藏模式。具体表现为,姬塬地区的双向排烃、复合成藏模式:即长7段优质烃源岩异常发育,生烃增压作用强烈,使得生成的烃类流体在过剩压力的驱动下向上覆的长6-长4+5地层和下伏的长8地层中双向排烃,在多层系富集成藏;陇东地区的上生下储、下部成藏模式:长7烃源岩发育,存在较高过剩压力,下伏的长8油层组储层物性明显的要优于上覆的长6油层组储层物性,利于烃类大规模向下运移,在长8聚集成藏;陕北地区的侧向运移、上部成藏模式:长7段烃源岩在该区不发育,且上覆长6储层物性远优于下伏长8储层物性,烃类优先在长6成藏,长8油藏规模有限。这三种成藏模式代表了以长7为主要烃源岩的油藏的主要成藏机理,三者在油气分布规律上存在明显的差异。  相似文献   

Discussion of “formation mechanism of large pockmarks in the subaqueous Yellow River Delta”     

C. C. Liao 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(9):1149-1150

Abstract

The excess pore pressure accumulation is a key factor when estimating the formation mechanism of large pockmarks, as it determines the liquefaction potential of marine sediments due to water waves. The governing equations for excess pore pressure may have different forms for various types of sediments and then shall reflect the cyclic plasticity of the soil. For water waves propagating over a porous seabed, the liquefaction area induced by waves is generally progressive, which indicates that the liquefaction area will move forward following the wave train. Therefore, the excess pore pressure accumulation can be used to explain the occurrence of the large pockmarks, but the dimension of the pockmark may be related to the heterogeneity of sediment or the wave properties affected by the topography in the subaqueous Yellow River Delta.  相似文献   

Numerical analysis of liquefaction of porous seabed around pipeline fixed in space under seismic loading     

Luan Maotian  Zhang Xiaoling  Yang Qing  Guo Ying 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2009

Liquefaction of seabed under seismic loading is one of the main points that govern the overall stability of submarine pipeline. However, most previous investigations concerned only with free seabed and searched for seismic accumulative excess pore pressure by solving Terzaghi's consolidation equation containing pore pressure source term. It is not able to introduce two-dimensional structures such as submarine pipelines in one-dimensional problem, and it is also not able to obtain the distribution of seismic accumulative excess pore pressure in seabed around submarine pipelines by such a way. In this study, a FEM numerical analysis method for determining the liquefaction of sandy seabed around a buried pipeline under seismic loading is presented. The empirical mode of dynamic increase of pore pressure under undrained shearing induced by seismic loading is incorporated with two-dimensional dynamic consolidation equation and a numerical procedure based on FEM is developed to assess the accumulative excess pore pressure. By numerical computations, the accumulative process of pore pressure and liquefaction potential of seabed soil during seismic loading is evaluated. From a series of numerical computations based on the presented model with various parameters, the effects of soil characteristic parameters and pipeline geometry on seismic accumulative excess pore pressure around submarine pipeline and along the depth of seabed are explored in detail.  相似文献   

Thermodynamic mixing properties of olivine derived from lattice vibrations     

Michel Henricus Gerardus Jacobs  Bernard H. W. S. de Jong 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2009,36(7):365-389

We use a lattice vibrational technique to derive thermophysical and thermochemical properties of fayalite, Fe₂SiO₄. This semi-empirical technique is based on an extension of Kieffer’s model to incorporate details of the phonon spectrum. It includes treatment of intrinsic anharmonicity and electronic effects based on crystal field theory. We extend it to predict thermodynamic mixing properties of olivine (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ solid solutions by using results of our previous work on the system MgO–SiO₂. Achieving this requires a relation between phonon frequency and composition and a composition relation for the energy of the static lattice. Directed by experimental Raman spectroscopic data for specific optic modes in magnesium–iron solid solutions of olivine and pyroxene we use an empirical relation for the composition dependence for phonon frequencies. We show that lattice vibrations have a large effect on the excess entropy and that the static lattice contribution and lattice vibrations have a large impact on excess enthalpy and excess Gibbs energy. Our model indicates that compositional effects in electronic and magnetic properties are negligible. The compositional variation the Néel temperature has a large impact on excess heat capacity for temperatures below 100 K.  相似文献