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91.
The Paris Agreement (PA) emphasizes the intrinsic relationship between climate change and sustainable development (SD) and welcomes the 2030 agenda for the global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Yet, there is a lack of assessment approaches to ensure that climate and development goals are achieved in an integrated fashion and trade-offs avoided. Article 6.4 of the PA introduces a new Sustainable Mitigation Mechanism (SMM) with the dual aim to contribute to the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and foster SD. The Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has a similar objective and in 2014, the CDM SD tool was launched by the Executive Board of the CDM to highlight the SD benefits of CDM activities. This article analyses the usefulness of the CDM SD tool for stakeholders and compares the SD tool’s SD reporting requirements against other flexible mechanisms and multilateral standards to provide recommendations for improvement. A key conclusion is that the Paris Agreement’s SMM has a stronger political mandate than the CDM to measure that SD impacts are ‘real, measurable and long-term’. Recommendations for an improved CDM SD tool are a relevant starting point to develop rules, modalities, and procedures for SD assessment in Article 6.4 as well as for other cooperative mitigation approaches.
POLICY RELEVANCE
Research findings are relevant for developing the rulebook of modalities and procedures for Article 6.4 of the Paris Agreement, which introduces a new mechanism for mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and sustainable development. Lessons learnt from the CDM SD tool and recommendations for enhanced SD assessment are discussed in context of Article 6 cooperative approaches, and make a timely contribution to inform negotiations on the rulebook agreed by the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement. 相似文献
92.
Izabela Golebiowska Tomasz Opach Jan Ketil Rød 《International journal of geographical information science》2017,31(2):237-252
Geographic visualization tools with coordinated and multiple views (CMV) typically provide sets of visualization methods. Such configuration gives users the possibility of investigating data in various visual contexts; however, it can be confusing due to the multiplicity of visual components and interactive functions. We addressed this challenge and conducted an empirical study on how a CMV tool, consisting of a map, a parallel coordinate plot (PCP), and a table, is used to acquire information. We combined a task-based approach with eye-tracking and usability metrics since these methods provide comprehensive insights into users’ behaviour. Our empirical study revealed that the freedom to choose visualization components is appreciated by users. The individuals worked with all the available visualization methods and they often used more than one visualization method when executing tasks. Different views were used in different ways by various individuals, but in a similarly effective way. Even PCP, which is claimed to be problematic, was found to be a handy way of exploring data when accompanied by interactive functions. 相似文献
93.
复杂地层钻进绳索取芯适岩钻头的研究与试验 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
研究了南方煤矿区复杂地层钻进中钻头的磨损机理,研制出了适合于复杂地层钻进的绳索取芯钻头。探讨了电镀钻头内、外径的保径方法。试验钻头在复杂煤矿区不同类型的地层中均取得了显著的钻进效果。 相似文献
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重力活塞取样器取样技术研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
现代海洋沉积物柱状取样技术是一套综合性的高新技术系统,它一般应该包括:优良的取样器具,方便灵活的取样操作设备,高精度的定位导航仪器和高分辨率的地形、地貌、地层探测系统等四个方面。我国和先进国家相比,取样操作设备方面差距最大,应该成为我国今后取样技术研究和发展的重点 相似文献
98.
本文针对中国石油集团测井有限公司(CPL)三维阵列感应测井仪器(Three Dimensional Induction Tool,TDIT)的真实结构与参数,利用2.5维数值模式匹配技术研究建立水平层状非均质TI地层中仪器偏心情况下三维感应测井响应的高效数值模拟算法.首先,利用2.5维数值模式匹配技术给出水平层状非均质TI模型中偏心磁流源并矢Green函数的半解析解.在此基础上,结合三维阵列感应测井仪器参数以及测量过程中出现的仪器偏心与旋转等实际情况,通过叠加原理推导出该仪器响应的有效计算公式.最后,通过数值模拟结果分析考察仪器偏心、仪器自旋角等参数对测井响应的影响以及变化特征,为多分量感应资料处理与解释提供理论基础. 相似文献
99.
Wout M. van Dijk Dick R. Mastbergen Geeralt A. van den Ham Jasper R. F. W. Leuven Maarten G. Kleinhans 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2018,43(11):2342-2357
Channel bank failure, and collapses of shoal margins and beaches due to flow slides, have been recorded in Dutch estuaries for the past 200 years but have hardly been recognized elsewhere. Current predictions lack forecasting capabilities, because they were validated and calibrated for historic data of cross‐sections in specific systems, allowing local hindcast rather than location and probability forecasting. The objectives of this study were to investigate where on shoal margins collapses typically occur and what shoal margin collapse geometries and volumes are, such that we can predict their occurrence. We identified shoal margin collapses, generally completely submerged, from bathymetry data by analyzing digital elevation models of difference of the Western Scheldt for the period 1959–2015. We used the bathymetry data to determine the conditions for occurrence, specifically to obtain slope height and angle, and applied these variables in a shoal margin collapse predictor. We found 299 collapses along 300 km of shoal margin boundaries over 56 years, meaning that more than five collapses occur on average per year. The average shoal margin collapse body is well approximated by a 1/3 ellipsoid shape, covers on average an area of 34 000 m2 and has an average volume of 100 000 m3. Shoal margin collapses occur mainly at locations where shoals take up a proportionally larger area than average in the cross‐section of the entire estuary, and occur most frequently where lateral shoal margin displacement is low. A receiver operating characteristic curve shows that the forecasting method predicts the shoal margin collapse location well. We conclude that the locations of the shoal margin collapses are well predicted by the variation in conditions of the relative slope height and angle within the Western Scheldt, and likely locations are at laterally relatively stable shoal margins. This provides hypotheses aiding the recognition of these features in sandy estuaries worldwide. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
100.