Plume rise and spread in a linearly stratified environment     

G. G. Rooney  B. J. Devenish 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2014,108(2):168-190

We present analyses of plume rise into a linearly stratified environment, either with or without a uniform horizontal flow. In the case of a still ambient, we collate results on plume spreading height and volume flux, enabling the speed of the spreading intrusion in the buoyancy-inertia regime to be expressed in terms of the fundamental parameters of plume buoyancy flux and ambient buoyancy frequency. A theoretical expression for the final volume flux emanating from the plume-rise region, in terms of maximum rise height, is also derived. Hence it is shown that the ratio of the intrusion radius to the maximum rise height is a simple function of ambient buoyancy frequency and time. In the case of a wind, we analyse the theoretical model for a rising plume to obtain predictions for the downwind volume flux, and subsequent lateral spread, in the limits of strong and weak wind. We identify a regime of very weak wind, which may be modelled as a passive advection of plume flow in the still case as a first approximation. Numerical solutions of a general model are presented which show that it predicts a peak in entrainment, and hence volume-flux growth, in the case of intermediate wind strength. We verify the crosswind model predictions of lateral spread, upwind penetration and entrainment by comparison with large-eddy simulations.  相似文献   

Contrasting mineralogical and processing potential of two mineralization types in the platinum group element and Ni-bearing Kapalagulu Intrusion,western Tanzania     

《Ore Geology Reviews》2017

The Kapalagulu layered ultramafic and mafic intrusion is emplaced between the Paleoproterozoic Ubendian basement and overlying Neoproterozoic Itiaso Group metasedimentary rocks, located near the western shore of Lake Tanganyika. High-grade platinum group element (PGE) mineralization (1–6 g/t Pt + Pd + Au) is associated with chromitite and sulfide-bearing harzburgite within the southeastern extension of the intrusion, known as the Lubalisi Zone, which is covered by a layer of nickel-rich (0.2–2%Ni) laterite regolith that contains linear areas of PGE mineralization.In the Lubalisi Zone, the mineralization may be divided into several significant geometallurgical domains: (a) high-grade PGE mineralization (1–6 g/t Pt + Pd + Au) associated with stratiform PGE reefs and chromitite seams within a harzburgite unit; (b) high-grade PGE mineralization (up to 12 g/t Pt + Pd + Au) associated with small bodies and veins of nickel massive sulfide within harzburgite below PGE-bearing reefs and chromitite seams; (c) low-grade PGE mineralization (0.1–0.5 g/t Pt + Pd + Au) associated with a sulfide-mineralized harzburgite unit above the PGE-bearing reefs; (d) laterite style residual PGE mineralization (0.2–4 g/t Pt + Pd + Au) associated with chromite concentrations in the saprolite and overlying red clay horizons of the laterite regolith; and (e) supergene Ni associated with the saprock and overlying saprolite clay.Mineralogical study of three samples from the PGE reef consisting of high grade PGE chromitite and harzburgite indicate that this mineralization will give a good metallurgical response to conventional grinding and floatation due to the relatively coarse-grained nature of the PGM (P80 from ∼37 to 52 µm), association with base metal sulfides, and unaltered gangue minerals (Wilhelmij and Cabri, 2016). In contrast, mineralogical and metallurgical study of the Ni and PGE mineralized laterite indicate that it cannot be processed using conventional mineral processing techniques but that a hydrometallurgical route should be used to recover the base and precious metals. Because any process is very much deposit-controlled, significant metallurgical and geometallurgical testing of mineralized samples, as well as pilot plant testing, will be required to arrive at feasibility studies.  相似文献   

云南富宁地区铜镍矿成矿地质条件分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李亚辉  蒋秀坤 《云南地质》2012,(2):182-187

铜镍是富宁地区主要矿种。成矿母岩为"安定型"基性岩。岩体具有明显的分异现象,自边缘至中心可分成致密状辉绿岩相、中细粒橄榄辉长苏长岩相、中粒辉长苏长岩相、中粒闪长岩相四个相带。铜镍矿主要产于中细粒橄榄辉长苏长岩相中,其次产于中粒辉长苏长岩相中。对富宁地区铜镍矿成矿地质条件进行分析。  相似文献   

位于首都的世界地质公园网络成员——房山地质公园     

吕金波 《城市地质》2012,7(3):21-25

全球的世界地质公园活动是于1996年在房山周口店开始的。房山世界地质公园地跨北京市房山区和河北省涞水县、涞源县,地理坐标：东经114°36ˊ48＂～116°08ˊ16＂,北纬39°09ˊ57＂～39°43ˊ08＂。公园东西长130.80km,南北宽75.09km,总面积953.95km2。其中划分为8个园区：周口店、石花洞、十渡、百花山-百草畔、上方山-云居寺、圣莲山、野三坡和白石山园区。房山区为3水合围,东面为永定河,北面为大石河,南面为拒马河。房山是以岩溶景观为特色的世界地质公园。其北面的大石河流域自上而下,依次发育鸡毛洞、银狐洞、石花洞和孔水洞,由一条地下暗河将其连为一个洞系。南面的拒马河流域,地层为产状平缓的中元古代雾迷山组硅质条带白云岩,形成新近纪石林与第四纪岩溶陡壁的组合地貌形态——房山地貌。  相似文献   

北京房山应急水源地地下水数值模拟及河流渗漏量预测     

沈媛媛  辛宝东  郭高轩  纪轶群 《城市地质》2011,6(4):36-40

以北京房山岩溶水应急水源地为例,采用等效连续介质体概化地下水流系统,建立地下水流数值模型,评价地下水源汇项,分析地下水系统特征。运用MODFLOW中的河流（渠）子程序包,刻画地表河流和泉水与地下水的交换关系。经参数识别和验证,计算结果与实测数据拟合较好,能够比较准确的模拟水源地岩溶水系统。模拟和预测结果表明,水源地地区地下水与地表水联系密切,应急开采后,地下水系统由向河流排泄转变为河流渗漏补给地下水,可为应急水源地合理开发利用提供科学依据。  相似文献   

Isotope systematics of secondary minerals from the Prospect Intrusion,New South Wales     

M. L. Williams  P. F. Carr 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(6):799-806

The differentiated Mesozoic alkali dolerite Prospect Intrusion contains a wide range of secondary minerals, including carbonates (primarily calcite), laumontite, prehnite and heulandite, whose stability relationships imply a formation temperature of <200°C. The δ¹⁸O data for carbonates define a higher temperature (160 – 195°C) suite, and a lower temperature (51 – 73°C) suite. The δ¹³C, δ¹⁸O and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isotope systematics for these carbonates suggest derivation of the higher temperature group from magmatic fluids, whereas the other group had a major meteoric component that probably originated from porewater in the country rock. Source fluids for prehnite were meteoric rather than magmatic in origin based on their δD and δ¹⁸O ratios. Early in the intrusion's emplacement, CO₂-rich hydrothermal fluids formed a carbonate rind sealing the upper part of the hydrothermal system and produced the higher temperature carbonates (calcite) and laumontite. Later, cooler fluids with a meteoric component infiltrated vesicles and fractures, depositing the lower temperature carbonates (calcite, aragonite), heulandite and prehnite.  相似文献   

北京市房山区富硒土壤调查与评价   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

黄淇  成杭新  陈出新  王海波  郭莉  赵冬冬  王攀 《物探与化探》2013,(5):889-894

采用全国A层土壤背景值累频分级法来划定土壤硒的丰缺分级值,确认房山区存在富硒土壤。对于不同地貌类型土壤调查结果发现：硒含量平均值按照剥蚀堆积台地、洪积平原、冲积洪积平原、冲击平原依次递减,并且土壤硒主要富集于表层土壤,向地下深部硒的含量快速降低。土壤硒的含量受山区成土母质的影响较大,且偏碱性、富含有机质的表生环境有利于土壤硒富集。富硒区小麦和蔬菜水果中硒的分布与土壤硒含量具有良好的空间对应关系,其元素含量属于安全食品标准。  相似文献   

Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility studies in Tertiary ridge-parallel dykes (Iceland), Tertiary margin-normal Aishihik dykes (Yukon), and Proterozoic Kenora–Kabetogama composite dykes (Minnesota and Ontario)     

John P. Craddock  Bryan C. Kennedy  Avery L. Cook  Melissa S. Pawlisch  Stephen T. Johnston  Mike Jackson 《Tectonophysics》2008,448(1-4):115-124

  相似文献   

菲律宾大马尼拉地区海水入侵研究分析     

王晖 《安徽地质》1995,(1)

本文阐述了菲律宾大马尼拉地区的地貌、气候、水文、地质等背景情况；介绍区内的地下水质水介质类型及含水层发育情况、富水性和导水性、地下水水力性质、水化学特征和补排条件以及地下水的开采情况和需求量，从而分析了大马尼拉地区海水的机理。  相似文献   

Temporal development of the 1999 intrusive episode in the Eyjafjallajökull volcano, Iceland, derived from InSAR images     

Rikke Pedersen  Freysteinn Sigmundsson 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2006,68(4):377-393

Eyjafjallajökull volcano, located in southern Iceland, is characterized by its quiet nature. Only about a handful of earthquakes associated with the volcanic system had been detected prior to the 1990s. Earthquake swarms did, however, occur in 1994 and 1999. Here we investigate the spatio-temporal evolution of a magmatic intrusion associated with the 1999 earthquake swarm via analysis of produced surface deformation. A series of interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) images, spanning various periods of the intrusion, show that in 1999 surface deformation occurred mainly on the southern flanks of the volcano. The deformation amounts to more than 20 cm of range change. Inverse modeling resolves the deformation source to be a sill intrusion at 6.3 km depth. Sill opening was up to 1 m and the total intruded volume amounts to ～0.03 km³. The InSAR data display a migration of the center of deformation through time, enabling us to create time-dependant sill-opening models. Furthermore, we investigate the spatio-temporal distribution of earthquakes and find that the distribution supports the InSAR derived model and additionally provides indications for a possible site of a feeder channel. Magmatic flow-rate estimates indicate an initial intrusion rate of 4–6 m³/s, declining over a few weeks.  相似文献