深海多金属结核水力集矿头流场结构数值模拟研究     

刘杰  许栋  及春宁  夏建新  冉启华 《海洋工程》2023,41(3):123-136

深海蕴藏着丰富的多金属结核资源,受海水深度等限制,结核采集目前仍存在巨大挑战。水力式采矿具有结构简单、可靠性高的优势,是目前最具发展前景的采集方式之一。水力式采矿通过水流动力进行结核采集,喷射形成的复杂流场结构直接影响海床上结核颗粒剥离、起动、采集效率和海洋环境扰动强度,采集器离地高度、喷嘴射流角度和速度等具有较大优化空间。基于计算流体力学数值模拟研究了集矿头附近三维水流结构,分析了喷嘴射流速度和结核粒径对局部流场、床面剪切力以及结核采集能效的影响。结果表明：集矿头周围流场存在典型分区结构,包括淹没射流区、冲击区、壁面射流区、汇合区和上升区;随着喷射流速增大,最大床面剪切力近似线性增长,结核有效起动面积指数增长;随着结核粒径增大,有效起动面积减小,结核采集能效降低;综合考虑结核采集强度和采集能效,建议采集器喷射流速取8～9 m/s。  相似文献   

肺原位腺癌的高分辨率CT表现探讨          下载免费PDF全文

彭浩  胡俊娇  黄麟雯  缪淑芳  徐健博  周莹盈  潘小环  李靖煦  杨新官  关玉宝 《CT理论与应用研究》2017,26(5):583-589

目的:分析肺原位腺癌(AIS)的高分辨率CT (HRCT)表现,以提高其诊断准确率。方法:收集经手术病理证实的45例患者共48个AIS的HRCT表现,分析其部位、病灶数量、大小、密度、边缘、分叶征、毛刺征、空泡征、细支气管含气征、胸膜牵拉凹陷征及与邻近胸膜的距离。结果:45例中,共48个病灶。14个位于左上肺,16个位于右上肺,7个位于左下肺,4个位于右中肺,7个位于右下肺;32例为单发AIS,3例并发2个AIS,10例伴发AAH和(或) MIA;病灶长径4~19.2 mm,其中41个长径 ≤ 10 mm;病灶均为纯磨玻璃密度结节(pGGN),平均CT值为(-611±82.76) HU。结节边缘清晰39个,分叶征5个,毛刺征3个,空泡征10个,细支气管含气征3个,胸膜牵拉凹陷征8个。30个病灶距离邻近胸膜 ≤ 10 mm,占62.5%。结论:AIS均表现为pGGN,平均CT值为(-611±82.76) HU,病灶小于20 mm,边缘清楚;分叶征、毛刺征、空泡征少见。HRCT有助于AIS的显示和早期诊断。   相似文献   

太平洋海山成矿系统与成矿作用过程   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

石学法  任向文  刘季花 《地学前缘》2009,16(6):55

文中初步探讨了太平洋海山富钴结壳成矿系统的结构与成矿作用过程。海山成矿系统的控矿要素主要包括地质要素和海洋要素,地质要素主要包括海山的形成、迁移、沉降和水道的开合等,海洋要素主要包括大洋温盐环流、最低含氧带(OMZ)、文石溶跃面、碳酸盐补偿深度和海山周围海水的动力情况等。重点分析了海山漂移和沉降、水道开合、最低含氧带变化、大洋环流以及气候变化等要素对富钴结壳成矿的控制作用。海山为富钴结壳成矿提供了一个容矿空间,稳定的基岩,即长期稳定的容矿空间,是富钴结壳成矿的基本条件;海山的形成年龄、海山的迁移和水道的开合决定并改变了富钴结壳的成矿背景条件,促使海山成矿系统发生演化。最低含氧带作为富钴结壳成矿的地球化学障,是直接的矿源层;而海山周边的地形旋涡沟通了最低含氧带与富氧、富铁的深层和底层水,使得最低含氧带中的成矿金属离子得到氧化,进而发生胶体凝聚沉淀,形成富钴结壳。以西太平洋海山成矿系统为例,将该区白垩纪以来富钴结壳成矿作用过程划分为5个阶段:(1)白垩纪—始新世,(2)始新世末—晚渐新世,(3)晚渐新世—中中新世早期,(4)中中新世早期—晚中新世早期,(5)晚中新世早期—现代,其中(2)、(3)阶段有利于发育富钴结壳。  相似文献   

The genesis of late Quaternary caliche nodules in Mission Bay, Texas: stable isotopic compositions and palaeoenvironmental interpretation   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

JIE ZHOU  HENRY S. CHAFETZ 《Sedimentology》2009,56(5):1392-1410

Caliche is a fairly widespread pedogenic carbonate that commonly has been used to reconstruct palaeoclimatological conditions. Stable isotopic analyses of three types of caliche nodules from Mission Bay, Texas, provide insights into the values and limitations in palaeoenvironmental interpretations. Soft incipient nodules (type I) and partially lithified chalky nodules (type II), composed of low Mg‐calcite, are in situ pedogenic products in the late Quaternary soils; they represent young to intermediate caliche nodules with no obvious diagenesis and, with constraints, can be used to investigate palaeoenvironmental conditions. The well‐lithified hard nodules (type III) dispersed on the beach and shallow bay exhibit complex shapes, fabrics, mineralogy and geochemical compositions. They are mature nodules that have undergone substantial diagenesis and, therefore, are believed to have lost their initial environmental signatures. The incipient nodules in the presently active grey soil and the older subjacent brown soil display significantly different δ¹³C values, ?8·4 and ?4·4‰, respectively, which indicates a change in palaeovegetation from C₃/C₄ mixed to C₃‐dominated flora. The δ¹³C values probably reflect a marked climate shift from warm and dry to cool and wet conditions in the middle Holocene. However, in the same grey soil, there is a sub‐set of incipient caliche nodules with δ¹³C values around 0·1‰, which is probably due to the input of localized carbon sources in the soil (e.g. shell fragments). The occurrence of essentially identical nodules appearing from the same modern soil horizon with significantly different δ¹³C values questions the universal reliability of this type of data for palaeoenvironmental interpretation. This study demonstrates that, whereas the stable isotopic compositions of caliche nodules can be used for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction, diagenesis and the influence of localized carbonate sources in the soils could lead to erroneous interpretations.  相似文献   

世界大洋地质与矿产标准物质评介   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

王毅民王晓红  高玉淑张学华 樊兴涛 《中国地质》2010,37(1):229-243

自20世纪80年代中以来,中国相继研制了4批共11个大洋地质与矿产标准物质,形成了多金属结核(GSPN-1～3)、海山富钴结壳(GSMC-1～3)、富钴结壳的铂族元素(MCPt-1,2)和深海沉积物(GSMS-1～3)4个标准物质系列。笔者简介了这些标准物质的研制背景,评介了中国和世界其他国家(美国、俄罗斯、印度和日本等)研制的大洋地质与矿产各标准物质系列,对比了其定值数据、特点及应用。虽然中国的研制工作起步较晚,但由于采用了更先进的分析测试技术和国内外多实验室合作定值方式,使这些标准物质定值组分多、系列性好,也有较大国际影响。  相似文献   

Nd同位素方法应用于示踪古洋流的研究进展   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

吴琼  刘志飞 《地球科学进展》2010,25(2):220-229

大洋环流在调节全球水热分配方面起着举足轻重的作用,对全球气候变化有着重要影响。为了更好地了解未来的气候变化模式,掌握古洋流变化与气候冷暖交替耦合关系的机理成为当务之急。目前,海水Nd同位素是追踪洋流演化方式的有效指标,获得了越来越多的关注。通过从海洋环境Nd同位素的相关特性以及研究材料与方法方面来阐述Nd同位素应用于示踪古洋流研究的可行性以及最新的进展,并配合实例进行说明。  相似文献   

Chert spheroids of the Monterey Formation,California (USA): early‐diagenetic structures of bedded siliceous deposits     

RICHARD J. BEHL 《Sedimentology》2011,58(2):325-351

Chert spheroids are distinctive, early‐diagenetic features that occur in bedded siliceous deposits spanning the Phanerozoic. These features are distinct in structure and genesis from similar, concentrically banded ‘wood‐grain’ or ‘onion‐skin’ chert nodules from carbonate successions. In the Miocene Monterey Formation of California (USA), chert spheroids are irregular, concentrically banded nodules, which formed by a unique version of brittle differential compaction that results from the contrasting physical properties of chert and diatomite. During shortening, there is brittle fracture of diatomite around, and horizontally away from, the convex surface of strain‐resistant chert nodules. Unlike most older siliceous deposits, the Monterey Formation still preserves all stages of silica diagenesis, thus retaining textural, mineralogical and geochemical features key to unravelling the origin of chert spheroids and other enigmatic chert structures. Chert spheroids found in opal‐A diatomite form individual nodules composed of alternating bands of impure opal‐CT chert and pure opal‐CT or chalcedony. With increased burial diagenesis, surrounding diatomite transforms to bedded porcelanite or chert, and spheroids no longer form discrete nodules, yet still display characteristic concentric bands of pure and impure microcrystalline quartz and chalcedony. Petrographic observations show that the purer silica bands are composed of void‐filling cement that precipitated in curved dilational fractures, and do not reflect geochemical growth‐banding in the manner of Liesegang phenomena invoked to explain concentrically banded chert nodules in limestone. Chertification of bedded siliceous sediment can occur more shallowly (< 100 m) and rapidly (< 1 Myr) than the bulk silica phase transitions forming porcelanite or siliceous shale in the Monterey Formation and other hemipelagic/pelagic siliceous deposits. Early diagenesis is indicated by physical properties, deformational style and oxygen‐isotopic composition of chert spheroids. Early‐formed cherts formed by pore‐filling impregnation of the purest primary diatomaceous beds, along permeable fractures and in calcareous–siliceous strata.  相似文献   

大洋锰结核氨浸渣脱硫产物处理含镉废水的研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

汪伦  陈天虎  常冬寅  刘海波  陈冬 《岩石矿物学杂志》2011,30(6):1001-1006

研究了大洋锰结核氨浸渣脱硫产物去除废水中镉离子的多种影响因素,如接触时间、脱硫产物粒径、溶液pH值、初始镉离子浓度和吸附剂量。并利用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、场扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对材料和产物进行了表征。结果表明减小脱硫产物粒径、增大吸附剂量等有利于提高去除效果;大洋锰结核氨浸渣脱硫产物去除水中镉离子是基于离子交换反应的原理:MnS+Cd2+→CdS+Mn2+。  相似文献   

江西省冷水坑银铅锌矿床铁锰碳酸盐角砾岩成因研究   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

孙建东骆学全  张雪辉张春茂李春海  余明刚朱意萍 宗雯 《中国地质》2014,41(2):484-496

江西省冷水坑银铅锌矿床的铁锰碳酸盐角砾岩层与顶底板侏罗系火山杂岩呈整合接触关系,填隙物内存在清晰可辨的火山凝灰物质。铁锰碳酸盐角砾岩的稀土元素配分型式属于轻稀土富集的右倾型,稀土组成特征有类似于正常湖相碳酸盐岩低的稀土总量,又类似于正长质岩浆岩的正Eu异常特征。碳氧同位素显示其形成环境属于陆相火山湖泊,陆相沉积岩与岩浆岩均为成岩提供了物质来源。通过顶底板火山杂岩锆石U-Pb年龄的限定,指示在155Ma左右,铁锰碳酸盐角砾岩经历了陆相火山湖泊沉积-火山喷发使之角砾化-正长质岩浆物质混入的成岩过程。  相似文献   

Early diagenesis of the lower Vectis Formation,Wealden Group Lower Cretaceous,Barremian), Sandown,Isle of Wight     

J.M. Huggett  A.S. Gale  C. Hazell 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2018,129(6):782-789

The Vectis Formation was deposited in a restricted lagoonal environment that periodically dried up, as indicated by the presence of desiccation surfaces. The fauna indicates that salinities fluctuated significantly during deposition, from fresh to brackish-marine. Pre-burial berthierine-rich clay replaced faecal pellets in the sediment, infilling desiccation cracks, during re-flooding of the lagoon. Concretions formed by early pyrite and apatite cementation during initial burial in lake sediment, with organic debris of fish and wood, acting as nuclei and a trigger for cementation. With subsequent partial or complete exhumation oxidation of the pyrite occurred, prior to cementation by Mn siderite. All further concretion cementation occurred within the oxic to sub-oxic diagenetic zones. Textural relationships indicate that commonly occurring baryte formedafter pyrite oxidation and represents the last diagenetic mineral phase.  相似文献